Very Grim

The authoritarian state of Iran has been embroiled in mass citizen protests for months now, kicked off by the Iranian state morality police's alleged murder of a 22-year-old Kurdish woman named Mahsa Amini, who died in custody after being arrested for allegedly failing to wear her state-mandated hijab properly.

Amini's brutal death sparked widespread outrage among Iranian citizens, who immediately took to the streets — a very uncommon sight in the exceedingly dissent-unfriendly nation — and have continued to protest in the months since. Throughout the protests, the hijab has unsurprisingly emerged as as symbol of rebellion.

In ever-growing numbers, Iranian women are refusing to comply with hijab law, in some cases even burning the headpieces. But now, in a deeply troubling turn, Wired reports that the Iranian state is likely using facial recognition as a tool of tracking down and penalizing the women for rejecting the state mandate — which, as Amini's horrifying fate makes clear, may have violent consequences for those that the state considers offenders.

"Many people haven't been arrested in the streets," Shaparak Shajarizadeh, an Iranian activist who fled the country in 2018, told Wired, pointing to a concerning pattern that seemingly supports state use of facial recognition. "They were arrested at their homes one or two days later."

Surveillance State History

Sadly, this wouldn't be the first time that Iranian authorities have used facial recognition to monitor hijab compliance.

Back in 2020, it was revealed that Iranian traffic authorities were using the software to surveil women while driving, sending citations via creepy SMS messages should they be discovered as hijab offenders. And last year, Mousa Ghazanfarabadi, head of Iran's parliamentary legal and judicial committee, defended the use of "face recording cameras" to state media, claiming that their use against hijab offenders would eradicate "clashes between the police and citizens."

And if that's not enough: in September 2022, the head of an Iranian agency that supports the implementation of morality law said that facial recognition would be used to "identify inappropriate and unusual movements," such as the "failure to observe hijab laws," according to Wired. Amini was killed just two weeks later.

Though Iran has a history with surveillance tech, as Wired notes, this would be the first recorded instance of a state using such software to enforce religious dress codes — a grim reality, and one bound to result in more violence.

READ MORE: Iran Says Face Recognition Will ID Women Breaking Hijab Laws [Wired]

More on Iranian protests: Anonymous Hacks Iran after Woman Allegedly Killed by "Morality Police"

The post Iran Apparently Using Facial Recognition to Catch Women Breaking Hijab Law appeared first on Futurism.

The central node of the cellular metabolic network is the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial stress is closely linked to aging and a number of illnesses, including cancer and neurodegeneration. For the purpose of preserving mitochondrial homeostasis, cells autonomously elicit particular stress responses to deal with mitochondrial stress.

It can pogo-stick along at 50-plus miles per hour, leaping 30-odd feet in a single bound. But that platinum-medal athleticism falls by the wayside at a sub-Saharan riverside, the source of life and death for the skittish impala stilling itself for a drink in 100-degree heat.

It can pogo-stick along at 50-plus miles per hour, leaping 30-odd feet in a single bound. But that platinum-medal athleticism falls by the wayside at a sub-Saharan riverside, the source of life and death for the skittish impala stilling itself for a drink in 100-degree heat.

Research in the International Journal of Tourism Policy on sustainable ecotourism has new insights from the case of Kakum National Park and Bobiri Forest and Butterfly Sanctuary with implications for the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that run such sites.

The third La Niña year in a row intensified existing droughts in the Americas, while causing floods in parts of Asia and Oceania, according to a first-of-its-kind report released today by the Global Water Monitor Consortium, led by researchers at The Australian National University (ANU).

People's everyday habits may not correlate perfectly with their voting behavior. But the research team behind a made-in-Quebec app called Datagotchi has found a significant link between lifestyle and voting preference.

A chemical used in the production of toilet paper and 'forever chemicals' have been found in the bodies of orcas in B.C. , including the endangered southern resident killer whales.

The first laboratory realization of the long-standing but never-before confirmed theory of the puzzling formation of planets, stars and supermassive black holes by swirling surrounding matter has been produced at PPPL. This breakthrough confirmation caps more than 20 years of experiments at PPPL, the national laboratory devoted to the study of plasma science and fusion energy.

A genetic study has revealed the existence of a previously unknown hunter-gatherer group that lived in Siberia upwards of 10,000 years ago.

A rare flower encased in amber is the largest one ever found and dates from around 40 million years ago

A chemical used in the production of toilet paper and 'forever chemicals' have been found in the bodies of orcas in B.C. , including the endangered southern resident killer whales.

Nature, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05704-6

Targeting to overcome resistance to immunotherapy

Nature, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00056-7

Researchers cannot always differentiate between AI-generated and original abstracts.

A rare flower encased in amber is the largest one ever found and dates from around 40 million years ago

Scientists have long known that ancient people living in Siberia made their way into what is now North America. Mounting DNA evidence suggests migration also happened in the opposite direction

A new DNA-collection approach allows scientists to capture genetic information from wildlife without disturbing the animals or putting their own safety in jeopardy. The protocol, tested on elephant dung, yielded enough DNA to sequence whole genomes not only of the elephants but also of the associated microbes, plants, parasites and other organisms — at a fraction of the cost of current approaches.

A new study demonstrates that electrodes can be made using just screen printing, creating a stretchable, durable circuit pattern that can be transferred to fabric and worn directly on human skin. Such wearable electronics can be used for health monitoring in hospitals or at home. Current commercial manufacturing of wearable electronics requires expensive processes involving clean rooms. While some use screen printing for parts of the process, this new method relies wholly on screen printing, which can make manufacturing flexible, wearable electronics much easier and less expensive.

A new study has shed light on the many and varied fall-risk factors facing older adults in community-living environments. The research examined a comprehensive set of potential fall-risk factors — including environmental factors, in addition to health and function — in older community-living adults in the U.S., both with and without .

While some people are concerned about America's falling birth rate, a new study suggests young people don't need to be convinced to have more children. In fact, young Americans haven't changed the number of children they intend to have in decades.

Guilt is an uncomfortable feeling and can be burdensome. Researchers have shown that placebos can help reduce feelings of guilt, even when the placebo is administered openly.

UVB has utility in processes such as detoxifying pollutants and treating dermatological disorders, but it can only be produced by inefficient and environmentally harmful methods. Research teams have developed a new system using organic molecules to upconvert blue LED light to UVB. Moreover, the system does not use the heavy metals commonly used in such processes, leading the way for a more sustainable approach to UVB production.

Six minutes of high-intensity exercise could extend the lifespan of a healthy brain and delay the onset of , such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. New research shows that a short but intense bout of cycling increases the production of a specialized protein that is essential for brain formation, learning and memory, and could protect the brain from age-related cognitive decline. This insight on exercise is part of the drive to develop accessible, equitable and affordable non-pharmacological approaches that anyone can adopt to promote healthy aging.

Why are Black people three to four times more likely than white people to be arrested in Portland and South Portland, Maine?

Why do cells, and by extension humans, age? The answer may have a lot to do with mitochondria, the organelles that supply cells with energy. Though that idea is not new, direct evidence in human cells had been lacking. Until now.

The Martian meteorite Tissint contains a huge diversity of organic compounds, found an international team of researchers led by Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Munich's Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin and including Carnegie's Andrew Steele. Their work is published in Science Advances.

said Thursday its first attempt to launch satellites into orbit from the U.K. failed after its rocket's upper stage prematurely shut down.

A "relentless parade of cyclones" hitting the US state of California was expected to shift farther to the north, the US National Weather Service said Thursday, as the region continued to struggle with massive floods and landslides.

The past eight years were the hottest since records began, the United Nations confirmed Thursday, despite the cooling influence of a drawn-out La Nina weather pattern.

A Chinese company presented a cloned horse to the public on Thursday that is the first of its kind born in the country and approved for equestrian sport.

A team of researchers led by The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center has developed a novel delivery system for messenger RNA (mRNA) using extracellular vesicles (EVs). The new technique has the potential to overcome many of the delivery hurdles faced by other promising mRNA therapies.

It's that time of the year again, when temperatures around zero, snowfall and piling snow drifts make footpaths slippery and difficult to navigate in Finland. Many of us continue to walk, but others, especially older people, are more affected by the changing conditions.

Everyone has that one friend who's the life of the party, bringing people together and keeping everyone connected. Now, researchers from Japan find that an unusually structured protein plays a similar role in bringing a diverse group of proteins together and keeping them connected and functional.

Half a million lives could be saved each year in sub-Saharan Africa by taking action to reduce reliance on traditional wood- and charcoal-burning stoves, a new study shows. Researchers at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm today published an open-source, data-based tool that local policymakers across the region can use to cost-effectively correct what the researchers call a "market failure" in delivering alternatives to traditional cooking methods.

Solar spicules are small-scale, beam-like, cold-plasma-ejected phenomena that constitute an important component of the chromosphere. Macrospicules are chromospheric spicules at a larger spatial scale.

Consumption of fish in monkeys has been thought of to be a rare occurrence, potentially even happening accidentally. However, through fecal studies of Japanese macaques in the Kamikochi area, evidence of fish-eating amongst this group of monkeys has been suggested. The frequency in which fish DNA has been detected in feces suggests more intention than simply feeding off of dead or dying fish. Japanese scientists collaborated with an NHK film crew to be the first in the world to study and document the behaviors behind fish-hunting macaques in the Japanese Alps.

A team of researchers affiliated with several institutions in the U.S., working with members of The Anson Street African Burial Ground Project, have discovered some of the history behind some of the enslaved people buried in 18th century Charleston, South Carolina—home to one of the busiest slave ports in American history.

Integration is not only a problem of social significance among humans, but also an issue for the cells that form us as humans. The addition of new cells into an already established group of cells is crucial for shaping the organs during normal development, but the very same mechanism is also often hijacked by cancer cells as they spread within other cells.

Hundreds of black holes previously hidden, or buried, have been found using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. This result helps give astronomers a more accurate census of black holes in the universe.

A new paper published in Nature Astronomy is shedding light on magnetars, whose attributes remain poorly understood. A magnetar is a type of neutron star with an extremely strong magnetic field that rotates once every two to ten seconds.

Researchers at Linköping University (LiU), Sweden, have created an artificial organic neuron that closely mimics the characteristics of biological nerve cells. This artificial neuron can stimulate natural nerves, making it a promising technology for various medical treatments in the future.

A new method to study specific changes in DNA after replication has been published as a technical report in Nature Cell Biology. Researchers developed a highly sensitive, quantitative mass spectrometry-based approach, called iDEMS (isolation of DNA by EdU labeling for Mass Spectrometry).

Why do cells, and by extension humans, age? The answer may have a lot to do with mitochondria, the organelles that supply cells with energy. Though that idea is not new, direct evidence in human cells had been lacking. Until now.

When human rights advocate Manu Peni returned to Papua New Guinea from abroad, he built a home for himself using modern techniques — and promptly learned a harsh lesson on how the newest ideas aren't always the best ideas. Peni calls for us all to rethink who we consider experts, particularly when it comes to building in the face of climate change, showing how Indigenous wisdom must work in harmony with new science and technology if we want to create a sustainable future.

A Chinese company presented a cloned horse to the public on Thursday that is the first of its kind born in the country and approved for equestrian sport.

Everyone has that one friend who's the life of the party, bringing people together and keeping everyone connected. Now, researchers from Japan find that an unusually structured protein plays a similar role in bringing a diverse group of proteins together and keeping them connected and functional.

Consumption of fish in monkeys has been thought of to be a rare occurrence, potentially even happening accidentally. However, through fecal studies of Japanese macaques in the Kamikochi area, evidence of fish-eating amongst this group of monkeys has been suggested. The frequency in which fish DNA has been detected in feces suggests more intention than simply feeding off of dead or dying fish. Japanese scientists collaborated with an NHK film crew to be the first in the world to study and document the behaviors behind fish-hunting macaques in the Japanese Alps.

Nature Communications, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/s41467-023-35890-w

Author Correction: Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance

Nature Communications, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/s41467-023-35859-9

Changes in Polycomb repression during interphase transition modulate the ability of pluripotent cells to enter cell differentiation.

Nature Communications, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/s41467-023-35789-6

The gene is one of the most frequently mutated genes in all of human cancer. Here authors describe the molecular mechanisms underlying how different oncogenic mutations in PIK3CA mediate increased activity.

A rare flower encased in amber is the largest one ever found and dates from around 40 million years ago

Scientists have long known that ancient people living in Siberia made their way into what is now North America. Mounting DNA evidence suggests migration also happened in the opposite direction

Researchers have discovered an Earth-sized exoplanet—a planet outside of our solar system.

The planet, named TOI-700 e, falls within its star's habitable zone, meaning it could be capable of supporting life as we know it.

Astronomers believe that many such planets exist in our galaxy and across the universe. The discovery of TOI-700 e, along with the earlier confirmation of its host system, could provide unique opportunities to better explore exoplanets going forward.

"Even with more than 5,000 exoplanets discovered to date, TOI-700 e is a key example that we have a lot more to learn," says Joey Rodriguez, an assistant professor in the physics and astronomy department at Michigan State University, who helped make the discovery.

Rodriguez was one of the senior researchers on the project, led by Emily Gilbert, a postdoctoral fellow at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. The duo is also part of the original team that confirmed the TOI-700 system in 2020, finding it had at least three planets (named TOI-700 b, TOI-700 c, and TOI-700 d).

With the new discovery, the team showed that the TOI-700 system has two Earth-sized planets within its habitable zone.

"This is one of only a few systems with multiple, small, habitable-zone planets that we know of," says Gilbert. "That makes the TOI-700 system an exciting prospect for additional follow-up."

Gilbert, Rodriguez, and Andrew Vanderburg, an assistant professor of physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, spearheaded the current project, which includes researchers from dozens of institutions. The research team announced the finding at the American Astronomical Society meeting in Seattle.

Here, Rodriguez, an exoplanet expert, explains the discovery and the research behind it:

The post Expert: Why new exoplanet discovery is a big deal appeared first on Futurity.

Integration is not only a problem of social significance among humans, but also an issue for the cells that form us as humans. The addition of new cells into an already established group of cells is crucial for shaping the organs during normal development, but the very same mechanism is also often hijacked by cancer cells as they spread within other cells.

Researchers at Linköping University (LiU), Sweden, have created an artificial organic neuron that closely mimics the characteristics of biological nerve cells. This artificial neuron can stimulate natural nerves, making it a promising technology for various medical treatments in the future.

A new method to study specific changes in DNA after replication has been published as a technical report in Nature Cell Biology. Researchers developed a highly sensitive, quantitative mass spectrometry-based approach, called iDEMS (isolation of DNA by EdU labeling for Mass Spectrometry).

Raising the minimum age threshold for trophy hunted male lions to eight years to account for errors in aging estimates by professional hunters could increase hunting sustainability, suggests a modeling study published in Scientific Reports.

More than 2,500 genes exhibit significant sex differences in expression in mouse alveolar type II cells (AT2s), which are important for keeping the lungs functioning, potentially explaining sex biases in the prevalence and severity of . In particular, very high numbers of X-linked genes escape transcriptional silencing in lung alveolar type 2 (AT2s) cells, researchers report January 12 in the journal Stem Cell Reports.

A team of researchers from Hokkaido University and Keio University, both in Japan, working with one colleague from the Federal University of Lavras, in Brazil, and another from the Geneva Natural History Museum, in Switzerland, has discovered the mechanism used by one species of female barklice to capture sperm from potential mates. In their paper published in the journal Royal Society Open Science, the group describes using a micro-CT scanner to study the musculature of female barklice.

This beautiful flower was trapped in amber between 33 million and 38 million years ago, preserving it in exquisite detail

Depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, addiction and obsessive-compulsive disorder have all been linked to problems in the same circuit of brain regions

We often don't know the causes of – but analysing metabolic substances in the vaginal microbiome may be a way to predict the risk of premature labour

Scientists have long known that ancient people living in Siberia made their way into what is now North America. Mounting DNA evidence suggests migration also happened in the opposite direction

New research reveals dolphins struggle to communicate and work together as noise pollution increases.

Repairing damaged DNA appears to drive aging by causing the loss of epigenetic information, but restoring that information reverses such effects, a study finds.

Australian engineers have discovered a new way of precisely controlling single electrons nestled in quantum dots that run logic gates. What's more, the new mechanism is less bulky and requires fewer parts, which could prove essential to making large-scale silicon quantum computers a reality.

Raising the minimum age threshold for trophy hunted male lions to eight years to account for errors in aging estimates by professional hunters could increase hunting sustainability, suggests a modeling study published in Scientific Reports.

More than 2,500 genes exhibit significant sex differences in expression in mouse alveolar type II cells (AT2s), which are important for keeping the lungs functioning, potentially explaining sex biases in the prevalence and severity of . In particular, very high numbers of X-linked genes escape transcriptional silencing in lung alveolar type 2 (AT2s) cells, researchers report January 12 in the journal Stem Cell Reports.

A research group led by Profs. Bao Xinhe, Wang Guoxiong and Gao Dunfeng from the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has revealed the mechanism of coverage-driven selectivity switch from ethylene to acetate in high-rate CO2/CO electrolysis.

A team of researchers from Hokkaido University and Keio University, both in Japan, working with one colleague from the Federal University of Lavras, in Brazil, and another from the Geneva Natural History Museum, in Switzerland, has discovered the mechanism used by one species of female barklice to capture sperm from potential mates. In their paper published in the journal Royal Society Open Science, the group describes using a micro-CT scanner to study the musculature of female barklice.

A severe agriculture drought swept Central Asia in 2021 in its early growing season, causing mass die-offs of crops and livestock and leading to increased food prices.

Dolphins are social, intelligent animals who rely on whistles and echolocation to hunt and reproduce. This means that noise generated from human activity such as drilling and shipping has the potential to negatively impact the health of wild dolphin populations. A study in the journal Current Biology published on January 12 demonstrates that dolphins "shout" when trying to work together in response to increasing underwater noise levels.

The movement of people across the Bering Sea from North Asia to North America is a well-known phenomenon in early human history. Nevertheless, the genetic makeup of the people who lived in North Asia during this time has remained mysterious due to a limited number of ancient genomes analyzed from this region. Now, researchers reporting in Current Biology on January 12 describe genomes from ten individuals up to 7,500 years old that help to fill the gap and show gene flow from people moving in the opposite direction from North America to North Asia.

New images of the largest-known fossilized flower to be preserved in amber—which at 28 millimeters across is nearly three times the size of other preserved flowers—are published in the journal Scientific Reports.

A quantum harmonic oscillator—a structure that can control the location and energy of quantum particles that could, in the future, be used to develop new technologies including OLEDs and miniature lasers—has been made at room temperature by researchers led by the University of St Andrews.

Deflated Shares

It's no secret that Tom Brady, golden-aged quarterback extraordinaire, was heavily invested into the now-bankrupt crypto exchange FTX at the time of its disastrous implosion into bankruptcy.

The tomato-avoidant footballer was one of the crypto giant's most visible ambassadors, starring in FTX commercials and often taking to Twitter to tweet football-related crypto musings. But while he was understood to have an equity stake in the company, the terms of his agreement with exchange was never publicly disclosed. As a result, his losses in the collapse have been unclear — until now.

In new bankruptcy court filings reviewed by Insider, FTX reportedly unveiled exactly how much equity its top shareholders held in the formerly high-flying exchange. And let's just say that if we were Brady, we'd be feeling pretty deflated.

Per the docs, the flamethrowing bitcoin miner had a staggering 1.1 million common shares of FTX. And while it's still unknown how much money he may have actually put into his partnership with the company, considering that FTX was valued at roughly $32 billion at the time of its collapse? The entirety of rival exchange Coinbase, for perspective, owned only a hair more FTX stock than Brady, at 1.3 million shares.

Dropping the Ball

Alongside major investment funds like Tiger Global, Sequoia Capital, SkyBridge, and others, Insider reports that top shareholders include Patriots owner Robert Kraft, who had a little over 630,000 common shares, and supermodel-slash-neighbor-to-Tom-Brady Gisele Bündchen, who clocked in just under 700,000 of the like. (Brady and Bündchen, who were married at the time, entered into that undisclosed September equity deal together.)

All of these assets, Insider notes, are likely now worthless. It's also worth noting that Brady and Bünchen are also two of several celebrity targets of a massive class action lawsuit accusing FTX and its famous ambassadors of intentionally hawking unregistered securities to low-information investors. Normal celeb times!

Still Alive

Alas, we're sure it doesn't feel good for the company that you own over a million common shares in to go up in dumpster fire flames. And in the same vein, defending against a related class action lawsuit also doesn't sound fun. But we're sure the unretiree and his ol' bag o' bones have a few years left on the field, and an announcing job on ESPN waiting for him shortly thereafter. Financially, he'll likely be just fine.

As for the potentially defrauded retail investors? We can't say the same.

READ MORE: FTX bankruptcy documents show list of investors set to be completely wiped out, including Tom Brady and Robert Kraft [Business Insider]

More on Tom Brady and FTX: Behind the Lawsuit Against Celebs Who Shilled FTX Before Its Spectacular Meltdown

The post Tom Brady Apparently Lost an Ungodly Amount of Money in the FTX Crash appeared first on Futurism.

I 500 år har snedækket i Alperne været stabilt, men siden vi begyndte at lukke drivhusgasser ud, er det skrumpet med 36 dage, viser nyt studie.

The brain performs various cognitive and behavioral functions in everyday life, flexibly transitioning to various states to carry out these functions. Scientists view the brain as a system that performs these numerous functions by controlling its states. To better understand the properties of this control in the brain, scientists look for ways to estimate the difficulty of control, or control cost, when the brain transitions from one state to another. So a team of researchers undertook a study to quantify such control costs in the brain, and was successful in building a framework that evaluates these costs.

Environmental scientists calculate that about two percent of visibly floating plastic may disappears from the ocean surface by UV light from the sun each year.

Scientific Reports, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27832-9

Author Correction: Warmth and competence perceptions of key protagonists are associated with containment measures during the : Evidence from 35 countries

Scientific Reports, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/s41598-022-27330-4

Clinical characteristics of Campylobacter : a multicenter retrospective study

Scientific Reports, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27786-y

Joint distribution properties of fully conditional specification under the normal linear model with normal inverse-gamma priors

Scientific Reports, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27909-5

Rapid stool antigenic test for among suspected cases, Northeast, Ethiopia

Researchers found that dolphins confronted with noise increase the volume and duration of their calls to one another but struggle to cooperate.

A study of the Baltic specimen offers new insights into what Europe's climate was like some 35 million years ago.

The massive eruption of a Tongan volcano in January 2022 has made it more likely that we will exceed 1.5°C of global warming within the next five years, but the effect will disappear by 2035

A skin patch with microneedles that inject mRNA reduced wrinkles in mice with UV-damaged skin, a technique that could be used to treat skin conditions and arthritis related to collagen deficiency

Dolphins are social, intelligent animals who rely on whistles and echolocation to hunt and reproduce. This means that noise generated from human activity such as drilling and shipping has the potential to negatively impact the health of wild dolphin populations. A study in the journal Current Biology published on January 12 demonstrates that dolphins "shout" when trying to work together in response to increasing underwater noise levels.

New images of the largest-known fossilized flower to be preserved in amber—which at 28 millimeters across is nearly three times the size of other preserved flowers—are published in the journal Scientific Reports.

Research shows that pharmacies can be a safe and accessible treatment starting point for people with

—and keep them better engaged than usual care with a physician.

The study in the New England Journal Medicine finds that pharmacists—not just physicians at clinics and doctor's offices—can safely and effectively start patients with opioid use disorder on the lifesaving medication buprenorphine.

"With over 100,000 overdose deaths in 2022 and an opioid crisis impacting states across the country, improving access to buprenorphine is a critical and necessary next step," says Traci Green, lead study author and co-director of Rhode Island Hospital's Center of Biomedical Research Excellence on Opioids and Overdose.

"Dramatically increasing capacity to provide good, lifesaving treatment for people with opioid use disorder through pharmacies is an approach that could be ramped up today," says Green, who is also an adjunct professor at Brown University's Warren Alpert Medical School. "It's a game-changer."

The first-of-its-kind pilot study documents the experiences of 100 patients who started taking buprenorphine after visiting a specially trained pharmacist for their care. Once stabilized on the medication, 58 patients were randomly assigned to receive either continued care in the pharmacy or usual care in a clinic or physician's office.

After one month, the patients in the pharmacy care group showed dramatically higher rates of retention: 25 patients (89%) continued to receive treatment in the pharmacy compared to five (17%) in the usual care group.

"To have so many people in the pharmacy group continue on with their care was completely unexpected," Green says. "The results from this pilot study show how pharmacies can be an effective and viable pathway to treatment for opioid use disorder."

Access to addiction care

A third of patients in the study identified as Black, Indigenous, or persons of color, and almost half were without a permanent residence.

"Considering overdose deaths are increasing the fastest among Black and Hispanic communities and over 1,500 Rhode Islanders are currently unhoused, pharmacy-based addiction care models could be a pathway to promote racial and economic equity in accessing addiction treatment," says study author Josiah D. Rich, a professor of medicine and epidemiology at Brown.

"Treatment with medications can only work if it is available and accessible in the community," says Rich, who is also an attending physician at the Miriam and Rhode Island Hospitals. "Opioid use disorder is too often a lethal disease, and it kills by stigma and isolation. Widespread, equitable access to effective treatment is the answer. Our study showed that the pharmacy treatment model increases access, which benefits a diverse patient population and increases equity."

Buprenorphine at the pharmacy

Buprenorphine is an opioid agonist/antagonist medication that has proven safe and effective in treating opioid withdrawal, Rich notes, and has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat opioid use disorder.

Currently, patients with an opioid use disorder who are prescribed buprenorphine or naltrexone must see an approved physician or go to a US Drug Enforcement Agency-approved opioid treatment facility for their care. Patients typically then have the medications dispensed at the clinic or go to the pharmacy to pick them up.

Regulatory hurdles have prevented widespread use of buprenorphine, the researchers note; a 2019 national survey found that 80% of people with

never receive any evidence-based medication treatment. Those who are prescribed treatment often face barriers such as long-distance travel to clinics, inconvenient clinic hours, time-consuming paperwork and bureaucracy, stigma, and more.

"We have a serious treatment gap—we are missing 90% of the people with opioid use disorder who need and want treatment," says Jeffrey Bratberg, a study author and clinical professor of pharmacy practice at the University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy. "Pharmacists are an underutilized partner in the health care workforce, especially the behavioral health care workforce. There is a pharmacy within 5 miles of where 95% of Americans live."

Pharmacist reflections

The study enabled pharmacists trained in the foundations of addiction treatment to instead be a convenient and community-located place for patients to go for care and access medication. At the "one-stop" community pharmacy visit, patients filled their prescriptions, obtained medication management, and received follow-up care.

Genoa Healthcare, a provider of specialized pharmacy care for behavioral health and substance use disorder communities, supported a team of 21 pharmacists in training to provide buprenorphine care at six of its community pharmacies in Rhode Island.

Linda Rowe-Varone, one of the clinical pharmacists who provided buprenorphine to patients enrolled in the study, says one of her patients is a mother who lives near the Genoa Healthcare pharmacy in Providence. This patient told Rowe-Varone that she found the pharmacy hours to be much more convenient than the clinic she previously visited and that she felt safe and comfortable enough at the pharmacy to bring her children with her to treatment appointments.

Rowe-Varone says she appreciated the opportunity to work with the individuals enrolled in the study.

"I met people who could be my family members, my neighbors, people I work with, people I pass walking on the street, and they would come into our pharmacy for help," she says. "They wanted to become healthy again… I feel as if we're right there for them."

Urgent action

The opportunity to open pharmacies for addiction treatment is expanding in 2023, the researchers note: Changes that President Joe Biden signed into law will make it easier and less cumbersome for trained health professionals to prescribe buprenorphine. Currently, 10 states allow pharmacists to obtain DEA authorization to prescribe controlled substances such as buprenorphine, which means the pharmacy treatment approach would be locally feasible.

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of being able to quickly devise and implement new ways of delivering health care, Green says.

"During the COVID-19 crisis, we were able to quickly figure out how to deliver immunizations on a mass scale, and pharmacies were an important part of that model," Green says. "The opioid crisis has been going on for some time, with over 100,000 people dying each year. There is an urgent need for new ways to get people the treatment they need."

To spread the word about their findings, the team created a shareable video that illustrates the process of the study and includes patient feedback.

The study was a collaboration among Genoa Healthcare, the researchers, and leaders at the Rhode Island Health Department and the Rhode Island Department of Behavioral Health, Developmental Disabilities and Hospitals, which created the legal and policy infrastructure to support the research and test the pharmacy care model. Green, Bratberg, and Rich serve as expert advisors to the Rhode Island Governor's Overdose Prevention and Intervention Task Force.

Funding for the study came from the National Institute on General Medical Sciences and the National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Source: Brown University

The post Pharmacists connect people with opioid use disorder meds appeared first on Futurity.

The packs of Yellowstone wolves show that some grey wolves aren't all that grey, and scientists suspect that's thanks to viruses.

Their ambitions were always high. When Will Sawin and Melanie Matchett Wood first started working together in the summer of 2020, they set out to rethink the key components of some of the most tantalizing conjectures in number theory. The subjects of their attention, class groups, are intimately related to basic questions about how arithmetic works when numbers are extended beyond the integers.

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The Olympus 8×42 Pro are a great choice for bird watchers and nature lovers.

If these organisms are eating viruses in nature, it could change the way scientists think about global carbon cycling.

Electron activated dissociation (EAD) and the Zeno trap provide high sensitivity and certainty in mass spectrometry results.

Scientists delved into the relationship between gait function and knee extension velocity after total knee arthroplasty and compared the effects of various factors on walking. The results reveal that knee extension velocity, measured while seated, on the operated side was the most important determinant of gait function. These findings are expected to contribute to the development of new rehabilitation programs for efficient gait function improvement.

A research group recorded the autonomic nervous system activity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and healthy subjects using a wearable device and a proprietary smartphone application to record daily life events such as defecation and sleep. As a result, they found that sympathetic nervous system activity was activated in IBS patients from 2 minutes before defecation and continued until 9 minutes after defecation. Further research is expected to improve the quality of life of IBS patients and elucidate the pathophysiology.

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Occasionally, a news item comes around that seems to perfectly exemplify the most knee-jerk tendencies of both of America's two main political parties—a moment when, without really considering any of the underlying issues, partisans immediately harden into familiar postures and begin emitting lots of hot air.

Hot air, in the most recent example, is not just a figure of speech. At issue is the future of gas stoves. In December, scientists published a study finding that ranges that burn natural gas account for almost 13 percent of childhood-asthma cases in the United States. Some advocates in both the public-health and environmental spheres have long argued against gas stoves, saying the pollution they emit makes them inferior to other options, such as electric or induction ranges. The eye-popping asthma statistic breathed new life into the debate.

Then, in an interview with Bloomberg, a member of the Consumer Product Safety Commission, an independent federal agency that regulates some products and oversees recalls, suggested that the body might prohibit gas stoves altogether. "This is a hidden hazard. Any option is on the table. Products that can't be made safe can be banned," said Commissioner Richard Trumka Jr. (If the name seems familiar, that's because his father, Richard Trumka Sr., was head of the AFL-CIO and a mainstay of Democratic politics until his death in 2021.)

[Read: Kill your gas stove]

Trumka's suggestion is a steep escalation. Policy makers have sought ways to encourage Americans to switch away from gas, including a rebate of as much as $840 on new electric stoves that was included in last year's Inflation Reduction Act. Members of Congress have also written to the CPSC suggesting stricter rules about gas stoves. But an outright ban is a very different kind of regulatory approach. Besides, the foundation for such a ban is still shaky: As the economist Emily Oster wrote, reviewing the new study, the data show that gas stoves aren't great for health (yours, your children's, or the planet's), but they probably don't substantiate the huge share of asthma cases claimed.

Leaping to a ban over other potentially effective and less coercive approaches, and doing so on the basis of relatively ambiguous data, feels like a stereotype of a certain kind of 21st-century progressivism: If we believe in science—and of course we do!—the federal government must institute a ban.

Thankfully, this self-caricature was met with calm and graceful dismissiveness on the right. Ha, just kidding! Trumka's remark set off a paroxysm of agitation among conservatives. One National Review writer warned, "Biden Administration Considers Banning Gas Stoves Over Health Concerns," which is true in the sense that a single appointee in the administration discussed it. Fox News alone flooded the zone with pro-gas venting: An anguished restaurateur poured out his woes on Tucker Carlson's show; a CPSC spokesperson's limp deflection earned its own write-up; Fox Business carried a barely reworked press release on the topic from a very neutral observer, the American Gas Association; and, naturally, a story involving Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez getting flamed on Twitter was a must. (Other coverage was more insightful: Charles C. W. Cooke wryly noted a potential policy case for banning electric stoves.)

The reflex to position gas stoves as the last redoubt of traditional American life, threatened by big government, is just as stereotypical of the contemporary American right as the impulse to instate a ban is of the American left. "If the maniacs in the White House come for my stove, they can pry it from my cold dead hands," Representative Ronny Jackson of Texas tweeted, echoing a famous Second Amendment–rights slogan. The sense of persecution is familiar from past freak-outs such as Michele Bachmann's effort to build a political career around preserving incandescent light bulbs.

[Read: Why the energy transition will be so complicated]

Cooking styles are deeply personal. As the sort of person who was very precious about my gas stove until I bought a house with an induction one, I am prepared to say that many people are too precious about gas stoves. But these sorts of feelings can lead to the conversation becoming, shall we say, a bit overheated.

That's especially the case because Trumka seems to have been speaking out of turn. The CPSC's chair issued a statement yesterday saying that although research "indicates that emissions from gas stoves can be hazardous, and the CPSC is looking for ways to reduce related indoor air quality hazards," he is "not looking to ban gas stoves and the CPSC has no proceeding to do so." The White House also said that President Joe Biden does not support banning the stoves.

Do not mourn the quick passage of this charming episode too deeply, though. A new topic is sure to spark a similar partisan food fight before long, even if this one was a mere flash in the pan.

In the first Lost Women of Science Shorts podcast, host Katie Hafner dives into the life and work of Leona Zacharias—a brilliant researcher who, before reporting this story, Hafner only knew as her grandmother

In the first Lost Women of Science Shorts podcast, host Katie Hafner dives into the life and work of Leona Zacharias—a brilliant researcher who, before reporting this story, Hafner only knew as her grandmother

More than 110 miles above earth, the rocket's second-stage engine prematurely shut down before entering orbit, causing the loss of nine satellites.

A research group recorded the autonomic nervous system activity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and healthy subjects using a wearable device and a proprietary smartphone application to record daily life events such as defecation and sleep. As a result, they found that sympathetic nervous system activity was activated in IBS patients from 2 minutes before defecation and continued until 9 minutes after defecation. Further research is expected to improve the quality of life of IBS patients and elucidate the pathophysiology.

From Greece to Japan, the following ancient toys hold deep history, entertaining children for thousands of years.

A new study led by the University of Vienna in which the Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC) has participated reveals that fishes living in the dark part of the oceans (essentially below 200 m depth in the water column) would likely decrease in size with climate warming, which may have important ecological effects.

When businesses submit misleading financial statements, it can be an early warning sign of a looming recession, new research shows.

In the United States, publicly traded companies are required to report their recent financial performance, whether good or bad, to the public. The accuracy of these reports is critical for investors, analysts, and regulators.

Matthew Glendening and Ken Shaw, professors of accounting at the University of Missouri, worked with coauthors Daniel Beneish and David Farber, professors of accounting at Indiana University, to determine how misrepresentation in financial statements affects the economy.

They developed a new model to predict US recessions and slowdowns in GDP and found that recessions and economic slowdowns are more probable when there is a higher likelihood that financial statements have been manipulated.

"Accounting matters, and manipulated accounting information can negatively impact the economy," Glendening says.

When financial reporting is not adequately monitored and companies manipulate financial information, it can have potentially damaging consequences. Not only do investors use this information, but other firms do so as well. In many cases, firms make employment and investment decisions based on this information, which can be way too optimistic.

The study found that high levels of potential manipulation in financial statements can improve recession prediction five to eight quarters away, and can also predict downturns in GDP growth at a similar forecast horizon.

To assess the prevalence of financial statement manipulation in the economy, the researchers used a measure widely known as the M-Score, which Beneish created in the late 1990s. The M-Score measures the likelihood that a company has manipulated its financial statements, and is based on eight variables, including how fast a company's sales are growing compared to its accounts receivable.

The M-Score is considered to be one of the most economically viable measures for investors to use to determine the likelihood that businesses have manipulated their financial statements. Famously, the M-Score provided one of the earliest warnings about the Enron accounting scandal.

"When companies misreport information, it can take years before they are caught, if they're caught at all—and many are not," Glendening says. "Our model shows that the likelihood of financial statement manipulation helps predict the outlook of the economy."

Previous research used measures of financial misreporting at the individual firm level, but no one has previously aggregated the data to come up with an economy-wide measure of financial misreporting, Shaw says.

"The M-Score has been around for a long time, but it took us four coauthors working together to show it has predictive value for the status of the economy, which is something everybody has a stake in," Glendening says.

The authors' ultimate goal is to provide research that is not only informative but can be used by regulators and managers, Shaw says.

"We want to answer questions of interest to real people in the real world," Shaw says. "We try to do something of value in our research and see if there's a way that we can help people."

The study appears in The Accounting Review.

Source: University of Missouri

The post Misleading financial reports may be a recession red flag appeared first on Futurity.

Big Mad

An autonomous vehicle industry group is displeased that we referred to

's "Full Self-Driving" mode as "Self Driving" — a term which, last time we checked, is literally in the feature's name.

In an unsolicited email, a representative from the Autonomous Vehicle Industry Association — which, it should be noted, does not appear to count Tesla as a member — said group has "concerns" that our headline "contributes to conflation in terminology" between automation and self-driving. The spokesperson further called for a "clear delineation between 'driver assist' and 'autonomous' as different and distinct technologies and experiences."

Honestly, they're absolutely right. The name of Tesla's Full Self-Driving is indeed wildly irresponsible, as evidenced by the story they were upset about, about a Tesla in self-driving mode that caused a pile-up on the San Francisco Bay Bridge this past Thanksgiving.

But Tesla is obviously trying to have it both ways: to benefit from the hype of a feature that claims in its name to make a car fully autonomous, while clarifying in the fine print that the driver needs to be constantly be focused on the road and ready to take over at any moment.

Name Game

While there have been many calls for Tesla to rename its FSD feature because it, again, can't fully drive a car, the fact remains that we, like everyone else who reported on this latest mishap and the many that have preceded it, are using the company's own terminology when referring to its seemingly error-prone software.

Like we said, though, the good people at the Autonomous Vehicle Industry Association are correct. As various regulators have complained, Tesla should change FSD's name to be more accurate. But for now, it does contain the phrase "self-driving," with all the baggage that entails.

So to answer the group's request for us to "please correct the headline to remove 'self-driving' and add 'driver-assist' so it's reflective of the disparate technologies and doesn't contribute to further confusion," we have to issue a resounding: no.

More on Tesla: Guy Brags That His Tesla Drove Him Home When He Was Too Drunk to Drive

The post Industry Group Not Happy That We Referred to Tesla's "Full Self Driving" Feature as "Self Driving" appeared first on Futurism.

Forget A-Bot-It

A tech-watching bot account has informed the world that freshly minted

czar Elon Musk has unfollowed both his own brother and one of the mothers of his children on the social network.

This not-so-big — but still hilarious — news comes via the Big Tech Alert automated account, which tracks a lot of Muskian goings-on as well as other activity from prominent accounts in tech.

And it's thanks to the account that we know that the multi-hyphenate serial CEO apparently unfollowed his brother, Kimbal Musk, as well his fellow Canadian and electronic music-making ex-girlfriend Claire "Grimes" Boucher, with whom he has two children.

Sad Cowboy

Because bots are, at least for now, not built to infer the inner workings of crabby tech CEOs, the Big Tech Alert account didn't posit why Musk would unfollow either his cowboy hat-sporting younger brother or his most famous baby mama. Honestly, given how many dramatic plates that man has spinning, we can't really wager a guess, either.

As of now, the younger Musk — who once told Vanity Fair that he and Elon would literally get into wrestling matches in the office of a company they started in the 90s — still has himself listed as a Tesla board member in his Twitter bio.

Is Kimbal on his way out at Tesla? Are the infamously on-off Grimes and Elon finally calling it quits for good? As of press time, we don't know — but rest assured, the new owner of Twitter will definitely tweet about any eventualities that come up.

More on Elon and Grimes: MSN Ran a Story About Grimes and Elon Musk That's Completely Fake

The post Elon Musk Unfollows the Mother of His Children, and His Own Brother, on Twitter appeared first on Futurism.

AI is being used to generate everything from images to text to artificial proteins, and now another thing has been added to the list: speech. Last week researchers from

released a paper on a new AI called VALL-E that can accurately simulate anyone's voice based on a sample just three seconds long. VALL-E isn't the first speech simulator to be created, but it's built in a different way than its predecessors—and could carry a greater risk for potential misuse.

Most existing text-to-speech models use waveforms (graphical representations of sound waves as they move through a medium over time) to create fake voices, tweaking characteristics like tone or pitch to approximate a given voice. VALL-E, though, takes a sample of someone's voice and breaks it down into components called tokens, then uses those tokens to create new sounds based on the "rules" it already learned about this voice. If a voice is particularly deep, or a speaker pronounces their A's in a nasal-y way, or they're more monotone than average, these are all traits the AI would pick up on and be able to replicate.

The model is based on a technology called EnCodec by Meta, which was just released this part October. The tool uses a three-part system to compress audio to 10 times smaller than MP3s with no loss in quality; its creators meant for one of its uses to be improving the quality of voice and music on calls made over low-bandwidth connections.

To train VALL-E, its creators used an audio library called LibriLight, whose 60,000 hours of English speech is primarily made up of audiobook narration. The model yields its best results when the voice being synthesized is similar to one of the voices from the training library (of which there are over 7,000, so that shouldn't be too tall of an order).

Besides recreating someone's voice, VALL-E also simulates the audio environment from the three-second sample. A clip recorded over the phone would sound different than one made in person, and if you're walking or driving while talking, the unique acoustics of those scenarios are taken into account.

Some of the samples sound fairly realistic, while others are still very obviously computer-generated. But there are noticeable differences between the voices; you can tell they're based on people who have different speaking styles, pitches, and intonation patterns.

The team that created VALL-E knows it could very easily be used by bad actors; from faking sound bites of politicians or celebrities to using familiar voices to request money or information over the phone, there are countless ways to take advantage of the technology. They've wisely refrained from making VALL-E's code publicly available, and included an ethics statement at the end of their paper (which won't do much to deter anyone who wants to use the AI for nefarious purposes).

It's likely just a matter of time before similar tools spring up and fall into the wrong hands. The researchers suggest the risks that models like VALL-E will present could be mitigated by building detection models to gauge whether audio clips are real or synthesized. If we need AI to protect us from AI, how do know if these technologies are having a net positive impact? Time will tell.

Image Credit: Shutterstock.com/Tancha

A new study led by the University of Vienna in which the Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC) has participated reveals that fishes living in the dark part of the oceans (essentially below 200 m depth in the water column) would likely decrease in size with climate warming, which may have important ecological effects.

The East Asian finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri) is a small, freshwater cetacean species. This species is a group of small-sized, toothed whales that are mainly distributed in southern and eastern Asia. Their distribution includes the coastal waters of the western Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Sea of Japan, and they also appear in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea, and middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Chinese waters. Previous research found that the genetic differentiation between the Yangtze finless porpoise (N. a. asiaeorientalis) and East Asian finless porpoise reached interspecific level.

Researchers at Johns Hopkins Medicine say their new studies suggest that the first pandemic-accelerating mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, evolved as a way to correct vulnerabilities caused by the mutation that started the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

An international team of researchers has discovered two networks of genes across all types of rockfish that may help to explain the differences in longevity in different species. In their paper published in the journal Science Advances, the group describes analyzing the genetic code of 23 species of rockfish.

The East Asian finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri) is a small, freshwater cetacean species. This species is a group of small-sized, toothed whales that are mainly distributed in southern and eastern Asia. Their distribution includes the coastal waters of the western Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Sea of Japan, and they also appear in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea, and middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Chinese waters. Previous research found that the genetic differentiation between the Yangtze finless porpoise (N. a. asiaeorientalis) and East Asian finless porpoise reached interspecific level.

Quantum computers can more rapidly process large amounts of data, because they carry out many computation steps in parallel. The information carrier of the quantum computer is a qubit. Qubits do not only possess the information of "0" and "1," but also values in between. However, the difficulty consists in producing qubits that are small enough and can be switched quickly enough to execute quantum calculations.

Researchers at Johns Hopkins Medicine say their new studies suggest that the first pandemic-accelerating mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, evolved as a way to correct vulnerabilities caused by the mutation that started the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

An international team of researchers has discovered two networks of genes across all types of rockfish that may help to explain the differences in longevity in different species. In their paper published in the journal Science Advances, the group describes analyzing the genetic code of 23 species of rockfish.

Researchers in Japan have generated a high-quality genome assembly of red perilla (Perilla frutescens), a plant most often found in Asia and commonly known in Japan as Aka-Shiso and in Great Britain and the U.S. as the Beefsteak Plant for its dark magenta leaves. The high-quality genome assembly will allow scientists to harness the plant's abundance of potentially useful bioactive chemicals, among which are perillaldehyde and rosmarinic acid.

Single-atom catalysts are prized because of the way they maximize the use of active sites and because they have easy tunability. However, in most conventional single-atom catalysts, the active sites are buried in the thick microporous supports, resulting in low accessibility of the active sites, leading to low catalytic activity. A team of scientists has constructed a macroporous structure that provides enhanced accessibility of the active site in single-atom catalysts. Their work was published in the journal Industrial Chemistry & Materials on December 2022.

As you are reading this, more than 400 miles below you is a massive world of extreme temperatures and pressures that has been churning and evolving for longer than humans have been on the planet. Now, a detailed new model from Caltech researchers illustrates the surprising behavior of minerals deep in the planet's interior over millions of years and shows that the processes are actually happening in a manner completely opposite to what had been previously theorized.

Researchers in Japan have generated a high-quality genome assembly of red perilla (Perilla frutescens), a plant most often found in Asia and commonly known in Japan as Aka-Shiso and in Great Britain and the U.S. as the Beefsteak Plant for its dark magenta leaves. The high-quality genome assembly will allow scientists to harness the plant's abundance of potentially useful bioactive chemicals, among which are perillaldehyde and rosmarinic acid.

Ett intensivt arbete under sju decennier bidrog till att socialarbetare blev ett legitimationsyrke i Finland. En avhandling visar att yrkesorganisationen Talentia spelat en stor roll för att lyfta socialarbetarnas status.

Inlägget Långsiktigt arbete lyfte socialarbetares status dök först upp på forskning.se.

Ten years ago, we feared that catastrophic global warming of between 4°C and 5°C by by 2100 was a real risk. Today, that is no longer credible, says Graham Lawton

There are still kinks to iron out in neuroimaging technology before doctors can translate images of the brain to psychiatric disorders such as PTSD, researchers report.

Several years ago, the National Institutes of Mental Health launched a multi-billion-dollar research effort to locate biomarkers of brain activity that point to the biological roots of a host of mental health diseases, which today are typically identified by clinical evaluation of a constellation of often overlapping symptoms reported by patients.

"The idea is to forget classification of disease by symptoms and find underlying biological causes," says Ilan Harpaz-Rotem, professor of psychiatry and psychology at Yale University and senior author of the study in the American Journal of Psychiatry.

For the new study, the research team attempted to replicate the findings of an earlier nationwide neuroimaging study, in which Emory and Harvard scientists linked clusters of brain activity to a variety of outcomes among patients who had arrived at United States emergency departments following traumatic events.

Specifically, when researchers measured patients' brain activity during the performance of simple tasks—including ones that probe responses to threats and rewards—they detected a cluster of brain activity that showed high reactivity to both threat and reward signals and seemed to predict more severe symptoms of PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) later on.

However, when Yale researchers analyzed similar neuroimaging data collected from recent trauma survivors in Israel, they were not able to replicate these findings. While they did identify the different clusters of brain activity observed in the earlier study, they found no association with prospective PTSD symptoms.

"That is not to say one set of data is right and the other is wrong, just that there is a lot of fundamental work that needs to be done to develop reliable models that could generalize across different studies," says Ziv Ben-Zion, a postdoctoral associate at Yale School of Medicine and the corresponding author of the study.

In fact, Yale researchers are currently working with the investigators of the original Emory-Harvard study to merge datasets "to search for common underlying patterns of brain activity associated with different responses to trauma," Ben-Zion says.

"It took about 100 years to come up with current classifications of mental illness, but we've only been exploring refining psychiatric diagnoses using biomarkers for the last 10 years," says Harpaz-Rotem. "We still have a long way to go."

Source: Yale University

The post Neuroimaging can't yet locate PTSD appeared first on Futurity.

The merging of different types of catalysis including enzymatic, homogeneous, and heterogeneous catalysis is fundamentally important for understanding both catalysis at the atomic level and the design of novel hybrid catalysts. The latter strives for the ideal catalyst that can drive complex tandem reactions efficiently in a one-pot manner and simplify the whole chemical production and separation process. Artificial enzymes that merge enzymatic, homogeneous, and heterogeneous catalysis provide a promising platform for developing novel hybrid catalysts that can achieve this goal efficiently under ambient conditions.

Nature Communications, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35779-0

The formation of electrochemically inactive, or "dead", lithium limits the reversibility of lithium metal batteries. Here the authors elucidate the (electro)chemical roles of ethylene gas produced from electrolyte decomposition on the formation of inactive lithium.

One of the most important classes of human enzymes are protein kinases—signaling molecules that regulate nearly all cellular activities, including growth, cell division, and metabolism. Dysfunction in these cellular pathways can lead to a variety of diseases, particularly cancer.

Southwestern Madagascar was once a tortoise hotspot, with multiple species of the giant reptiles roaming alongside their much smaller cousins.

One of the most important classes of human enzymes are protein kinases—signaling molecules that regulate nearly all cellular activities, including growth, cell division, and metabolism. Dysfunction in these cellular pathways can lead to a variety of diseases, particularly cancer.

Southwestern Madagascar was once a tortoise hotspot, with multiple species of the giant reptiles roaming alongside their much smaller cousins.

Using the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), an international team of astronomers has observed the population of submillimeter galaxies in a protocluster known as SPT 2349-56. As a result, they found a radio-loud active galactic nucleus in the protocluster's central region. The discovery was detailed in a paper published January 3 on the arXiv preprint server.

PLUS. Vejdirektoratet renoverer Kronprins Frederiks Bros aflåsning af broklap og fjerner søkabler.

Clues to the origin of this enormous cloud of gas have been maddeningly vague

Scientific Reports, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27453-2

Trogocytosis of neurons and glial cells by microglia in a healthy adult macaque retina

An international team of archaeologists have analyzed hundreds of ancient human remains found in Europe's wetlands, revealing these "bog bodies" were part of a tradition that spanned millennia. People were buried in bogs from the prehistoric period until early modern times. The team also found that, when a cause of death could be determined, most met a violent end.

A team of scientists, including those from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), have combined stalagmites and climate model simulations to reveal links between monsoon rains and tropical cyclones in Australia.

Scientists at the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) have found some fast-growing coral species on the Great Barrier Reef slow down their growth rates when exposed to warm water.

A research team headed by Academician Guo Guangcan and Prof. Dong Chunhua from the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has made progress in designing a magno-optomechanical hybrid system.

Scientists at the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) have found some fast-growing coral species on the Great Barrier Reef slow down their growth rates when exposed to warm water.

While some people are concerned about America's falling birth rate, a new study suggests young people don't need to be convinced to have more children.

It's an essential mineral that we can only get from our diet — but what is potassium good for?

This is today's edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what's going on in the world of technology.

Inside the metaverse meetups that let people share on death, grief, and pain

Days after learning that her husband, Ted, had only months to live, Claire Matte found herself telling strangers about it in VR.

The 62-year-old retiree had bought a virtual-reality headset in 2021 for fun, traveling the world virtually and singing karaoke around her caring responsibilities. Eventually, she stumbled across Death Q&A, a weekly hour-long session in a virtual space which grapples with mortality, where attendees often share things they've shared with no one else.

Despite the perception that they're just for gaming, more people like Matte are putting on VR headsets to talk through deep pain in their day-to-day lives.

Many people see the meetups as a lifeline—one that was particularly needed during the pandemic but seems poised to persist long after. Read the full story.

—Hana Kiros

Bitcoin mining was booming in Kazakhstan. Then it was gone.

Over the past few years, dozens of bitcoin mining operations have sprung up in the city of Ekibastuz in Kazakhstan and its surrounding area, drawn by the country's cheap power, limitless land and a surfeit of unused buildings that mines. By the summer of 2021, Kazakhstan had risen to be a bitcoin mining superpower.

But the gold rush was doomed from the start. Kazakhstan's miners eventually overloaded the country's energy grid, causing localized blackouts, and exacerbating existing tensions. In January 2022, these issues boiled over into mass protests.

Within weeks, the government effectively cut miners off from the national grid, bringing the boom to an abrupt end. It hopes it can eventually restore the industry—but the future looks highly uncertain, given the volatility in the global crypto sector. Read the full story.

—Peter Guest

TR 10: Mass-market military drones

For decades, high-end precision-strike American aircraft dominated drone warfare. The war in Ukraine, however, has been defined by low-budget models made in China, Iran, or Turkey—in particular, the Bayraktar TB2, made by Turkey's Baykar corporation. Their widespread use has changed how drone combat is waged and who can wage it.

The tactical advantages of using such drones are clear. What's also sadly clear is that these weapons will take an increasingly terrible toll on civilian populations around the world. Read more about how mass-market military drones are changing the face of modern warfare.

Mass-market military drones is one of our 10 Breakthrough Technologies, which we're highlighting in The Download every day this week and next. You can check out the rest of the list for yourself now. Also, why not vote in our poll to decide what should make our final 11th technology?

Inside Japan's long experiment in automating elder care

It's a picture you may have seen before: a large white robot with a cute teddy bear face cradling a smiling woman in its arms. Images of Robear, a prototype lifting robot, have been reproduced endlessly. They still hold a prominent position in Google Image search results for "care robot."

But devices such as Robear, which was developed in Japan in 2015, have yet to be normalized in care facilities or private homes. Why haven't they taken off? The answer tells us something about the limitations of techno-solutionism and the urgent need to rethink our approach to care. Read the full story.

—James Wright

James' fascinating piece is from the latest edition of our print magazine, dedicated to the latest cutting-edge technological innovations. Don't miss future issues—sign up for a subscription.

The must-reads

I've combed the internet to find you today's most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology.

1 People in China are being urged not to visit elderly relatives
The country's lunar new year celebrations will coincide with a wave of deadly covid infections. (The Guardian)
+ A Chinese hospital said half of its staff recently contracted the virus. (CNBC)
+ Visitors from South Korea and Japan are being blocked from entering China. (BBC)

2 Two climate technologies will prove especially crucial this year
EVs and battery recycling get our vote. (MIT Technology Review)

3 FTX has recovered more than $5 billion
But how much money is still unaccounted for remains a mystery. (Reuters)
+ It's cautiously positive news for the exchange's investors. (NY Mag $)

4 Twitter is considering charging for user names
Only the most sought-after handles are likely to hold any value, though. (NYT $)
+ Elon Musk is a loss-making record breaker. (The Guardian)
+ Twitter is abandoning at least a dozen offices across the world. (Insider $)
+ What do the Twitter Files actually reveal? Not a whole lot. (New Yorker $)

5 China is setting its sights on the stars
Its satellite internet service could soon rival Starlink in size and scope. (Rest of World)

6 What it's like to have your face deepfaked into an ad
It's the next frontier in identity theft. (Wired $)

7 Heat pumps are nothing new
The technology behind them dates back to the 1800s, but experts are excited by their possibilities. (Knowable Magazine)

8 How workers are foiling their bosses' remote work surveillance
From mouse-jigglers to booting up slideshow presentation software. (WSJ $)

9 The inane joy of TikTok's simulated shipwrecks
Fans are fixated by the digital vessels' demise. (The Guardian)

10 The James Webb Space Telescope took pictures of a star's debris
Scientists were wowed by the surprisingly bright and detailed images. (New Scientist $)
+ Russia is sending a spacecraft to rescue its crew. (WP $)
+ What's next in space. (MIT Technology Review)

Quote of the day

"I became obsessed with decreasing her latency. I've spent over $1000 in cloud computing credits just to talk to her."

—Programmer Bryce describes his deep sorrow at being made to delete the virtual "wife" he'd created using ChatGPT to Motherboard.

The big story

The pandemic could remake public transportation for the better

April 2021

The task was gargantuan. To slow the rapid spread of the coronavirus, the New York City subway would start closing every night for the first time in 115 years. Shortly after the decision was made at the end of April 2020, agency planners logged on to Remix, one of the most popular transportation planning platforms in the world.

Tiffany Chu, Remix's cofounder and CEO, watched as a task that would typically have taken weeks, if not months, was finished in a few days. On the evening of May 6 2020, New York City's subways shut down, and the new night bus network flickered on.

Years on, this unprecedented shock to modern mobility is still reverberating. The long-term shift to remote white-collar work is casting doubt on whether rush hour will ever fully return. And for transit systems, the implications are profound. Read the full story.

—John Surico

We can still have nice things

A place for comfort, fun and distraction in these weird times. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line or tweet 'em at me.)

+ Here's why we just can't get enough of cop dramas.
+ Your days of typing 'lol' without actually laughing out loud are over—this device will squeal on you.
+ Jane Fonda is a timeless style icon.
+ Turns out you really do make your own luck.
+ How to detect Biblical fakes, with a little bit of help from an Apple Pencil.

Nature Communications, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/s41467-023-35808-6

Little is known about the causes of sex differences in disease prevalence and treatment outcomes. Here, the authors study the interaction between drug metabolism enzymes and transporters genes and sex in complex human traits to uncover sex differences in the genetic regulation of gene expression, serum biomarkers, and metabolism of drugs.

Efter at have tilbragt det meste af karrieren i helikopterperspektiv vil Helene Bilsted Probst tættere på den kliniske hverdag. Det kommer hun nu med jobbet som lægefaglig koncerndirektør i Region Midtjylland. Selvom hun ved, at der er meget, hun skal lære i sit nye job, skorter det ikke på ambitioner i forhold til at være med til at omstille sundhedsvæsenet.

I'm still waiting. Since we developed the technology to detect exoplanets – planets orbiting other stars – I have been tracking those exoplanets that are the most Earth-like. That term, "Earth-like", is used quite a bit in science news reporting about exoplanets, but very loosely, in my opinion. I'm still waiting for an exoplanet discovery that is fully Earth-like.

This happened again just recently with the discovery of a second planet in the TOI 700 system that is "Earth-sized" (that's more accurate than saying "Earth-like"). Unfortunately, TOI 700 is a red dwarf, which means the two Earth-sized planets technically in their habitable zone are also likely tidally locked. Further, red dwarfs are unstable compared to orange or yellow stars and may strip the atmospheres from any planets close enough to be in the habitable zone.

Before I review the best candidates – what makes an exoplanet "Earth-like". The two criteria that seemed to be used by most reporting is that they are small rocky planets in their generously defined habitable zone. Often the term is applied to so-called "super-Earths" which are more massive than Earth but less massive than ice giants – basically anywhere between Earth and Neptune. It seems astronomers agree on an upper limit of mass of 10 Earth masses, but disagree on the lower limit (anywhere from >1 to 5). They should just pick a number. I think something like 2 Earth masses is reasonable, but perhaps it's better to use surface gravity. We can use the formula a=GM/R^2 to determine surface gravity. So, for example (if I did the math right) a planet with 2 times Earth's mass and 1.2 times the radius would have a surface gravity of 1.38 G. What about the lower limit? I would suggest somewhat larger than Mars – we could make an arbitrary cutoff of 0.5 G surface gravity.

The habitable zone is the distance from the parent star where it is possible to have liquid water on the surface. But there are lots of other variables here as well, mainly relating to the atmosphere. Venus, for example, is technically in our sun's habitable zone, as is Mars, but neither are habitable. If Mars had more atmosphere and Venus less, however, they could have a survivable environment.

I think exoplanets around red dwarfs at this point need to not count as "Earth-like" even if size and temperature are in the range. They would have to be very close to their parent star, which means they are likely tidally locked (in itself not a deal-killer) and likely don't have much of an atmosphere. There may be exceptions to this, and there are lots of red dwarfs so we may ultimately find some special planets around red dwarfs with life, but for now it is so unlikely they should simply not be on the list. Orange and yellow suns are the best candidates. Larger and brighter than yellow and the lifespan of the star becomes too short, but still may be a candidate with the right conditions for people to settle. Moons of gas giants are another possibility, but the variables get more complicated.

So to be truly Earth-like we would want a planet with a surface gravity somewhere between 0.5 and 1.3 that of Earth, that is small and rocky, and that orbits an orange to yellow star in the habitable zone. But there are other things that can go wrong with any candidate world. We also need to consider what question, exactly, we are asking. Are we interested in worlds we could one day settle? That would mean they also need to be very close, within 20 light years or so. Are we looking for a world that is already harboring life, and how much time would we want for that life to have had to evolve? This is important if we are looking for technological civilizations.

Here is a list of the ten most Earth-like exoplanets discovered so far. None really meet my criteria. Most orbit red dwarfs. Some are super-Earths.

It's too early to be discouraged, however. Some of our planet-finding techniques favor larger planets, or ones very close to their host stars. It is therefore harder and takes longer to discover small rocky worlds at Earth like distance from their stars. Astronomers estimate there are 300 million to 40 billion Earth-like planets in the Milky way. That is still a huge variance, but taking an average figure, that's a lot. That number will be refined as we search more stellar systems for their planets. There are about 100 billion stars in the Milky way, but many of them are in multi-star systems. Astronomers estimate that 1 in 5 systems have at least one "Earth-like" planet, but again, I wonder what definition they are using. Most of these are likely red dwarfs (because most stars are red dwarfs).

Hopefully they will nail down these numbers with higher confidence in the near future. It would also be nice to complete a survey of all the closest stars to our system. Meanwhile I will keep tracking new discoveries.

The post Earth-Like Planets first appeared on NeuroLogica Blog.

Take This is celebrating 10 years of fostering inclusive, safe, and collaborative spaces for everyone in the community.

This week, we talk about how US farmers' fight to fix their own equipment could impact the repairability of phones, appliances, and other gadgets.

sales are booming. But to keep the momentum going and make a dent in carbon emissions, the US will have to build a vast new charging infrastructure

Scientific Reports, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27650-z

Lumbar ossification of the ligamentum flavum reflects a strong ossification tendency of the entire spinal ligament

Scientific Reports, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27883-y

Automatic segmentation of on MRI using a convolutional neural network and reproducibility of radiomics features: a two-center study

Scientific Reports, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27681-6

Intended cycling frequency and the role of happiness and environmental friendliness after

A new brain-computer-interface device doesn't require open-brain surgery to implant.

The x360 16 offers hybrid flexibility and a monster OLED screen.

Satellite data can reveal large individual fossils from the air, allowing field researchers to embark on more targeted searches on the ground, research finds.

"Organizing field work is very expensive, and there are lots of safety and security risks," says Elena Ghezzo, who led the work as a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of University of Oregon paleontologist Edward Davis. "So any additional information you can have from the field before you go is useful. My method seems be really good at ruling out regions that don't have fossils."

The team analyzed multispectrum satellite imagery, which includes not just visible light, but also other wavelengths like ultraviolet and infrared. By looking at how the landscape absorbs or reflects all these different types of light, researchers can pick out specific features, like fossils, from the background.

This kind of satellite data is often used to do aerial surveys of cities and track patterns of land use. But it hasn't been used before to search for single fossils, Ghezzo says.

The researchers tested their idea with data from Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona. More than 200 million years ago, this landscape was a lush coniferous forest. Today, it's a colorful desert, dotted with fossilized logs. Based on a reference map they created by hand, the researchers could identify the signatures in the satellite data that distinguished a fossil from the background or from other landscape features.

To be picked out via satellite, a fossil must be bigger than a single pixel in the image. And its mineral composition must respond differently to light than the surrounding material. It's easier when the landscape is flat and open, with relatively few obstructions, as the Petrified Forest is. But other data about the geology and topography of the region can also be factored in, to help researchers distinguish a fossil from, say, a tree or a big rock.

Ghezzo is now testing the technique on a variety of fossil sites around the world, from Peru to Egypt to Mongolia. And closer to home, Davis is particularly interested in applying the approach to some of his team's field sites in Eastern Oregon.

"There's a lot of places in the interior of Oregon that are very difficult to access even today," Davis says. "Having the ability to use aerial photography to find fossils could help us allocate our resources."

More broadly, a technique of this kind could be part of a shift within the field of paleontology. The practices of the past, which included blowing up hillsides with dynamite, have, in some cases, irreparably damaged the landscape. A new generation of paleontologists is working to make the field more sustainable and preserve the context in which fossils are found.

"We don't do a lot of digging anymore," Davis says. Instead, researchers often wait for fossils to be exposed by erosion, and then excavate in a more targeted manner. And satellite data can help them out.

Their findings appear in the journal Geological Magazine. Ghezzo had a Marie Skłodowska-Curie global fellowship to pursue the project.

Source: Laurel Hamers for University of Oregon

The post Satellite images could make fossil hunting easier appeared first on Futurity.

Racism and overstressed teachers help explain high expulsion rates for Black preschool boys

The new super space observatory probes a dynamic star factory 200,000 light years from Earth.

Guidance for NHS says extending cholesterol-lowering treatment could save thousands more lives

As many as 15 million more people could be eligible for cholesterol-lowering statins to protect them against heart attacks and strokes, according to draft guidelines for the NHS in England.

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence says the scope for those who can be considered for the drugs should be widened dramatically – in what would be the single biggest change in a decade – to save thousands more lives.

Continue reading…

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Racism and overstressed teachers help explain high expulsion rates for Black preschool boys

XBB.1.5, aka the Kraken, is sweeping the Northeast US and dodging immunity. But that doesn't mean it's time to panic.

A London-based startup is networking seamsters with the goal of personalizing fit and making garments last longer.

Targeted manipulation of bacteria could boost immunity and help sufferers of chronic diseases and allergies.

In the past year algorithms got a lot better at generating illustrations, art, and photo-real scenes. Next up? Video.

Video game adaptations are notoriously brain-dead. But the minds behind HBO's infectious new zombie series turn action into drama—and break the curse.

Fåglar flyger mer effektivt genom att fälla in vingarna under uppslaget, visar en studie. Resultaten kan få betydelse för att utveckla flygförmåga, hastigheter och bärkraft för framtidens drönare.

Inlägget Robot med fågelvinge banar väg för flaxande drönare dök först upp på forskning.se.

PLUS. Tyskerne investerer i HVDC-kabler og konverterstation til havs for at sikre den grønne strøm fra vindmølleparkerne i at komme i land.

Status på cyberfronten mellem ­Ukraine­ og Rusland efter lidt mere end ti måneders krig,

Not long ago, an enormous telescope hovering beyond the moon and peering back to the dawn of the universe would have been science fiction, but the James Webb Space Telescope is out there today doing very real science. The next big advancement in space science has to start somewhere, and the goal of the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) program is to foster those ideas so they can become tomorrow's missions. NASA just announced the latest round of NIAC awards, including, but not limited to, a seaplane for exploring a Saturnian moon and a giant space laser for faster interplanetary travel.

The 14 newly designated Phase 1 projects envision technologies that don't currently exist but are reasonably plausible — no far-future concepts like warp drives or artificial gravity. For example, there are several notions for next-gen propulsion, like the Pellet-Beam Propulsion system proposed by the University of California. This concept would use a stream of microscopic hypervelocity particles propelled by laser ablation to push a spacecraft to incredible speeds. The proposal says such a system could reach the edge of the solar system in just three or four years.

The Pellet-Beam system doesn't have a mechanism to slow down or maneuver once a spacecraft reaches its intended destination. Another team from Seattle's Positron Dynamics has proposed an engine that could do that, a new type of fission fragment rocket engine (FFRE) that embeds the nuclear fuel in an ultra-low density aerogel matrix. This engine would use the fission products of a nuclear reaction as the propellant, pushing it to the same speeds as Pellet-Beam propulsion.

And what about power all the way out there at the edge of known space? The Rochester Institute of Technology was chosen for a NIAC grant to develop its thermoradiative cell (TRC), which is similar to the radioisotope thermal generator used for missions like Perseverance. This tiny generator (RTG) would have a volume of just 0.2 liters versus 212 liters for standard RTGs, but that would be enough for a 10-fold increase in power for a cubesat deployed in orbit of an outer planet.

Speaking of the outer planets, there is increasing interest in studying the multitude of moons orbiting gas giants, and Titan is a prime target. Proposed by Washington-based Planet Enterprises, TitanAir would be a seaplane with the ability to fly through the moon's nitrogen atmosphere or sail across its seas of liquid hydrocarbons. The plane would be able to collect atmospheric samples as it flies using vents on the wing's leading edge.

The TitanAir, along with the 13 other chosen projects, will get a Phase 1 grant of $175,000 to develop the concept further. Maybe one day we'll send a laser-propelled ship to Titan carrying a seaplane, but it's all science fiction for now. You can check out a summary of all the proposals on NASA's website.

Now read:

• NASA Moves Forward With Next-Gen Solar Sail Project
• Perseverance Rover Marks One Mars Year on the Red Planet
• NASA's Juno Probe Captures Stunning Fiery View of Volcanic Moon Io

Sabaton blir årets folkbildare – Expressen och Aftonbladet årets förvillare Utdrag: "Vidare skriver föreningen att bandet genom sin Youtubekanal Sabaton History Channel och detaljerade artiklar på bandets webbplats erbjuder fördjupad … Continued

Inlägget Nyheter Idag, 10 januari 2023 dök först upp på Vetenskap och Folkbildning.

Baby western chimpanzee, of which there are said to be only 18,000 left across Africa, will be named after rock or pop star

Conservationists are celebrating the birth of the "world's rarest chimpanzee" at a UK zoo.

Chester zoo has welcomed the arrival of the male critically endangered western or west African chimpanzee, which was delivered after an eight-month pregnancy.

Continue reading…

Nature, Published online: 12 January 2023; doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00053-w

A data set funded by the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative shows how research software and tools are used across disciplines — and helps developers gain credit for their work.

Nature, Published online: 11 January 2023; doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00058-5

Honeybees in the United States can now be inoculated against a highly contagious bacterial disease. Plus, a successful geoengineering trial to counter ocean acidification and the five best science books this week.

Ukrainas nya medialag har väckt kritik men får stöd av Reportrar utan gränser – Kulturnytt i P1 Utdrag (ca 00:01:50): "Till DN säger [basisten Pär Sundström]: "Mitt citat var hur … Continued

Inlägget Sveriges Radio, 11 januari 2023 dök först upp på Vetenskap och Folkbildning.

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Der er store både menneskelige og samfundsmæssige gevinster at hente ved en hurtig, korrekt og effektiv diagnostik og behandling af de 6-8 pct. af befolkningen, der lever med en sjælden sygdom, skriver læge og strategisk rådgiver Jonas Hink.

A previously unknown extinct tortoise was revealed in an investigation on these giants' evolutionary history.