Dansk Wikipedia (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giftige_svampe) skriver, at der findes ca. 600 danske svampearter, hvor hatten er af en størrelse, der kan friste ukyndige til at spise dem, og at ca. 30 af disse arter er giftige svampe samt at 3 af disse er dødeligt giftige og at yderligere ca. 10 arter kan forårsage alvorlige symptomer.
Det er omstridt, hvorvidt svampejægere bør kende de giftige arter, idet nogle eksperter fremhæver, at det er unødvendigt, hvis man kun indsamler arter, man kender [1]

De giftigste svampe

Der findes tre giftige svampe, som med sikkerhed har medført dødsfald i Danmark. Den ene, Puklet Giftslørhat, undgås bedst ved helt at undgå indsamling af slørhatte, som i almindelighed er dårlige spisesvampe. Stenmorkel indtager en særstatus blandt giftsvampene.[2]
De giftigste svampe, som forekommer i Danmark er:

Grøn FluesvampAmanita phalloides. : Poisonous toxicity icon.png(Dødeligt giftig)

Snehvid FluesvampAmanita virosa. : Poisonous toxicity icon.png(Dødeligt giftig.)

Puklet GiftslørhatCortinarius speciosissimus.Poisonous toxicity icon.png(Dødeligt giftig.)

Panter- fluesvampAmanita pantherina. Giftig Poisonous toxicity icon.png

Satans rørhatBoletus satanas. Giftig: Poisonous toxicity icon.png

StenmorkelGyromitra esculentia Giftig: Poisonous toxicity icon.png

Giftene

De fleste giftige svampe er af en type, som forgifter protoplasma. Amatoxiner forekommer i bl.a. Grøn Fluesvamp og Hvid Fluesvamp. De angriber især leveren og nyrerne. Denne type gifte kan menneskets immunsystem ikke bekæmpe.

Symptomer

Symptomerne på forgiftning optræder normalt først ca. 12 timer efter indtagelse af svampen og kan forveksles med influenza, idet der er tale om opkastning og mavesmerter. På dette tidspunkt kan vitale organer være stærkt angrebet.

Behandling

Hvis en person, der har indtaget svampe med protoplasmagifte, søger lægehjælp inden for 12 timer efter indtagelsen af den giftige svamp, er der gode muligheder for at redde livet; ofte vil der dog være varige skade på lever og nyrer. Der findes dog ikke en egentlig behandling af amatoxin-forgiftninger. Hjælpen består i at begrænse optaget af giften i de vitale organer.

Forveksling

Nogle fremragende spisesvampe kan forveksles med giftige arter. Grøn Fluesvamp og Snehvid Fluesvamp undgås naturligvis ved at lade fluesvampene stå. Snehvid Fluesvamp kan af ukyndige også forveksles med hvide champignoner, men mens alle eksemplarer af champignon har farvede lameller, normalt brunlige, er fluesvampens lameller kridhvide.
Endelig må det understreges, at der blandt de i øvrigt mange gode rørhatte er enkelte uspiselige og én giftig, Boletus satanas. [3]

Noter

1. Se: Lange(1978) og Korhonen (1973)
2. Angives som en fin spisesvamp efter afkogning, men dødeligt giftig i rå tilstand.
3. Se under Punktstokket Indigo-rørhat, hvis du er i tvivl.

Svampejægere i Danmark bør kende Snehvid og Grøn Fluesvamp. De kan forveksles med champignon og er begge dødeligt giftige med Grøn Fluesvamp, som den værste.

Litteratur

• Korhonen, Mauri (1973) Svampe i vor natur, Gyldendal
• Knudsen, Henning & Jens H. Petersen (2009) Politikens svampebog, Politiken Forlag

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http://www.svampeguide.dk/giftige-svampe

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https://www.bispebjerghospital.dk/giftlinjen/alt-om-gift/planter-og-svampe/Sider/de-5-giftigste-svampe.aspx

De 5 giftigste svampe 1) Grøn fluesvamp (Amanita phalloides) er dødeligt giftig og forholdsvis almindelig fra august til oktober. Den vokser nær træer, især løvtræer i august-oktober. Fuldt udviklet måler hatten 6-12 og stokken 6-15 cm. Hatten er fra gul til olivengrøn, mørkest centralt. Lamellerne er hvide. Unge svampe har et svøb mellem hattens rand og stok, som kan efterlade en ring på stokken, når den folder sig ud. Desuden er helt unge svampe pakket ind i et fællessvøb, som omfatter både hat og stok. Der kan være rester af fællessvøbet på hat og ved stokkens fod.

Grøn fluesvamp (foto: Jens H. Petersen / MycoKey)

2) Hvid fluesvamp (Amanita virosa) er dødeligt giftig og mere sjælden end Grøn fluesvamp. Den vokser på tørvebund nær træer (især birk, eg og nåletræer) i august-oktober. Hatten er 5-10 og stokken 7-12 cm. Hat, lameller og stok er snehvide. Hat- og fællessvøb svarer til Grøn fluesvamp.

Hvid fluesvamp (foto: Jens H. Petersen / MycoKey)

3) Randbæltet hjelmhat (Gallerina marginata) vokser på nåletræsstubbe OG LØVTRÆSTUBBE (!), ofte i knipper, fra august til oktober. Er sjælden. Hatten er 2-5 cm, brun, stokken 3-6 cm med ring foroven. Lamellerne blegbrune.

Randbæltet hjelmhat (foto: Jens H. Petersen / MycoKey)
4) Puklet giftslørhat (Cortinarius orellanoides) medfører nyreskader, som kan kræve dialyse og transplantation. Svampen er sjælden, vokser sommer – efterår i nåleskove. Hat, stok og lameller er brune.

Puklet giftslørhat (foto: Jens H. Petersen / MycoKey)​
5) Almindelig stenmorkel (Gyromitra esculanta) findes i nåleskov i foråret (marts-maj). Hatten er hjernelignende, brun. Hele svampen er hul. Svampen minder kun om andre morkler.

Almindelig stenmorkel (foto: Jens H. Petersen / MycoKey)​

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https://www.sundhed.dk/borger/patienthaandbogen/akutte-sygdomme/foerstehjaelp/forgiftninger/giftige-svampe/

Hvis du eller dit barn har spist svamp, og du er bange for, at den kan være giftig, skal du ikke tøve med at kontakte Giftlinjen på telefon 8212 1212.

Foto af fluesvampFoto
Giftlinjen får mange henvendelser angående svampe hvert år. Af disse henvendelser er omtrent en tredjedel generelle spørgsmål om svampe, mens to tredjedele drejer sig om mistanke om forgiftning.

Vigtigt med hurtig behandling

Hvis du mistænker, at du eller dit barn har spist giftige svampe, er det vigtigt, at du hurtigt tager kontakt til Giftlinjen eller en læge. Hurtig behandling giver større chance for at undgå meget alvorlige forgiftninger eller varig skade.
Når du tager kontakt til Giftlinjen, er det vigtigt, at du kan beskrive svampen, du har spist. Eventuelt kan svamperester fra maden eller evt. fra opkast bruges til at analysere, hvilken slags gift, det kan være. Du kan også gå tilbage til findestedet og se, om du finder flere svampe af samme slags.
De første symptomer på svampeforgiftning er opkastninger, mavesmerter og diarré. Nogle tror, at det ikke er så farligt, hvis det tager lang tid, før symptomerne dukker op.
Men hvis det tager fra timer og op til flere dage, før symptomerne indtræder, så kan dette faktisk tyde på, at det er en alvorlig forgiftning. Dette er gift, som virker på cellerne, og som i værste fald kan skade organer som nyrer og lever.
Dødsfald på grund af forgiftninger kan forekomme, men det sker heldigvis meget sjældent.

Svært fordøjelig

Nogle gange kan du føle dig dårlig efter at have spist svampe, uden at der er noget galt med svampen. Det kan være, at du har forspist dig, eller det kan komme af, at svampe er svært fordøjelige. Nogle kan også opleve at føle sig dårlige, fordi de bliver bange for, at de er blevet forgiftet.
Hvis du skal på svampetur, er det bedst, hvis du holder dig til de seks sikre madsvampe, som ikke er så lette at forveksle med giftige svampe. Disse er: kantarel, rørhat, pigsvamp, fåreporesvamp, blækhat og mælkehat.
Du bør også undgå spiselige svampe, hvis de vokser tæt ved stærkt trafikerede veje eller i nærheden af fabrikker, som slipper miljøfarligt affald ud. Undgå også svampe fra områder, som sprøjtes med pesticider, rå svampe, svampe som har ligget i samme kurv som giftige svampe og selvsagt gamle eller fordærvede svampe.
Husk at svampe har lige så dårlig holdbarhed som råt kød.
Nogle tror, at de kan kende på smagen, om svampen er giftig. Dette stemmer ikke. Det er meget vigtigt, at du er nøje med at artsbestemme svampe, før du smager på dem. Det er også meget vigtigt, at du kun spiser svampe, som du er sikker på, ikke er giftige.

Gode råd

Fødevarestyrelsen har følgende 5 råd om svampe:

• Spis kun svampe, du kender 100 %
• Spis kun anerkendte spisesvampe
• Brug kun friske svampe til madlavning og nedkøl eventuelle madrester straks
• Begynd altid med en lille portion af en ny spisesvamp – så kan eventuel overfølsomhed vise sig i mindre omfang
• Spis ikke rå, vilde svampe, da mange vilde svampe kan give ubehag, hvis de spises rå

Læs mere om giftige svampe på Fødevarestyrelsens hjemmeside.(FORKERT LINK; BRUG I STEDET:
https://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/Selvbetjening/Guides/Sider/Vaer-opmaerksom-naar-du-plukker-vilde-planter-og-svampe.aspx

Blandt de farligste giftige svampe er hvid, grøn og rød fluesvamp (FORKERT NAVN: det skal være Snehvid Fluesvamp), randbæltet hjelmhat, puklet gift-slørhat, sandmorkel (FORKERT NAVN), panter-fluesvamp og spids nøgenhat.

Mere end 10.000 typer svampe

I visse miljøer bliver spids nøgenhat indtaget med viden og vilje af personer, som ønsker at opleve ruseffekten. Ruseffekten af spids nøgenhat er totalt uforudsigelig og kan variere fra velvære til stærk uro og angst, svimmelhed og kraftig hovedpine.
Folk med udenlandsk baggrund skal være klar over, at enkelte af de danske, meget giftige svampe kan minde om spiselige svampe, som vokser i andre lande. Dette gælder for eksempel hvid fluesvamp (FORKERT NAVN – det skal være Snehvid Fluesvamp), som minder om en spiselig svamp, som bliver brugt meget i Asien.
Vi har over 10.000 typer svampe i dansk natur. Af disse er ca. 3.000 store svampe. Blandt de store svampe finder vi ca. 75 arter, som kan bruges til mad, og omtrent 100, som er giftige. Af dem er ca. ti typer meget giftige.
Hvert efterår er der svampekontroller flere steder i landet. Der kan du få tjekket om den svamp, du har plukket, er spiselig eller ej.
Hvis du er usikker på, om du eller dit barn har spist giftige svampe, eller har spørgsmål om giftige svampe, så tøv ikke med at kontakte Giftlinjen på telefonnummer 8212 1212.

Vil du vide mere?

• Svampeguide for begyndere – vejledning fra Naturstyrelsen
• Ka' de spises? – Guide fra Fødevarestyrelsen
• Giftlinjen
• Giftige planter
• Hvis dit barn har spist giftige planter
• Førstehjælp ved eksponering for giftige planter

Kilder

Fagmedarbejdere

• Kim Dalhoff, overlæge, dr. med., Klin. farmakologisk afd., Bispebjerg Hospital
• Gregers Hansen-Nord, speciallæge i almen medicin, alm. prakt. læge,

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https://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/Selvbetjening/Guides/Sider/Vaer-opmaerksom-naar-du-plukker-vilde-planter-og-svampe.aspx

Spis kun vilde svampe, du kender 100%Det er langt fra alle vilde svampe, der kan spises. Du skal være særligt forsigtig med nogle af de spiselige svampe, der har farlige, giftige dobbeltgængere. Brug en god nyere svampebog og tag en svampekender med i skoven.

Læs folderen Ka' de spises?5 vigtige råd til svampeplukkeren• Spis kun svampe, du kender 100 %
• Spis kun anerkendte spisesvampe
• Brug kun friske svampe til madlavning og nedkøl eventuelle madrester straks
• Begynd altid med en lille portion af en ny spisesvamp – så kan eventuel overfølsomhed vise sig i mindre omfang
• Spis ikke rå, vilde svampe, da mange vilde svampe kan give ubehag, hvis de spises rå

Læs på Giftlinjen , hvad du skal gøre hvis du eller dit barn har spist en giftig svamp

Se Giftlinjens liste over de 5 giftigste svampe

Læs Fødevarestyrelsens pjece om de hyppigste forvekslinger mellem spiselige og giftige svampe

Kan man være overfølsom over for svampe?Hvorfor skal svampe opvarmes?Kan vilde svampe indeholde tungmetaller?

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http://altomkost.dk/publikationer/publikation/pub/vis/publication/ka-de-spises/

Ka' de spises? Sådan lyder spørgsmålet igen og igen på svampeturen. Og spises kan de, mange af de vilde svampe – men bestemt ikke dem alle.

Emner:Pjecer, plakater mv. Sygdom
I folderen finder du oplysninger om de spisesvampe, der er lettest at kende og deres farligste dobbeltgængere blandt giftsvampene. Det må understreges, at folderen ikke kan stå alene. Den kan ikke lære dig svampebestemmelsens svære kunst, men den viser nogle af de værste faldgruber – så brug den altid sammen med en god, nyere svampebog.
Folderen – der er publiceret i 2011 – er lavet i samarbejde mellem Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme og Fødevarestyrelsen.
Eksemplarer af den trykte folder kan fås hos Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme, www.svampe.dk

PDF-PUBLIKATIONEN: http://altomkost.dk/publikationer/publikation/pub/hent-fil/publication/ka-de-spises/

KA´ DE SPISES?
Gamle råd, som fx at sølvskeer misfarves af giftsvampe, eller at giftige svampe smager grimt, passer ikke. Vores to farligste giftsvampe, Snehvid Fluesvamp og Grøn Fluesvamp, smager ikke ubehageligt.

2 rørhatte – Satans Rørhat (se billedsiden med dobbeltgængere) og den lignende Djævle-Rørhat – er giftige.

Husk, at svampe generelt ikke må spises rå. Mange af arterne kan nemlig give mavebesvær på grund af giftige stoffer, der først uskadeliggøres ved opvarmning. Det gælder især skælrørhattene, fx Rød Birke-Rørhat og indigorørhattene, fx Netstokket Indigo-Rørhat.

De vigtigste giftsvampe er vist på siderne med dobbeltgængere. Udover disse findes bl.a. mange giftsvampe i slægterne Slørhat og Trævlhat (disse får oftest tobaksbrune lameller med alderen) og i slægten Rødblad (får grumset rosa lameller). Man bør helt afholde sig fra at spise svampe fra disse slægter.

Snehvid Fluesvamp kan forveksles med hvide champignoner (se billedsiden med dobbeltgængere) og Grøn Fluesvamp med grønne skørhatte. Umodne eksemplarer af Grøn og Snehvid Fluesvamp, som endnu er helt dækket af det hvidlige fællessvøb, kan ligne æg. De kan derfor forveksles med støvbolde og med unge spiselige fluesvampe, som endnu er dækket af fællessvøb. I Danmark forveksler asiatiske svampeplukkere af og til de giftige fluesvampe med Spiselig Posesvamp, der dyrkes til spisebrug i bl.a Thailand.

Spiselig Posesvamp vokser ikke i Danmark, men importeres som konserverede eller tørrede svampe.Unge posesvampe er dækket af et hvidligt fællessvøb, ligesom unge fluesvampe, og kan dermed ligne unge eksemplarer af Grøn og Snehvid Fluesvamp. Disse svampe kan derfor forveksles (se billeder af unge eksemplarer af Grøn Fluesvamp og Spiselig Posesvamp).

Der har været mange andre svampeforgiftninger i Danmark, bl.a. efter indtagelse af Panter-Fluesvamp, Almindelig Netbladhat, Karbol-Champignon, Satans Rørhat, DjævleRørhat og Spiselig Stenmorkel.

Forgiftninger kan også skyldes overfølsomhed overfor svampe, fx Tåge-Tragthat, eller de kan skyldes, at svampe har været spist rå eller utilstrækkeligt varmebehandlede, fx Rød BirkeRørhat og Honningsvamp-arter.

Forgiftningerne kan også være simple madforgiftninger, der skyldes dårlig kvalitet af svampene. Det kan resultere i opkastninger og diarré.

Ægte Ridderhat har været en værdsat spisesvamp. I de senere år har der været dødsfald i Frankrig og Polen efter indtagelse – dog af store mængder – af denne svamp. Det har medført forbud mod handel med svampen i flere europæiske lande. Det må frarådes at spise Ægte Ridderhat.

Visse svampe kan have et stort indhold af tungmetaller. Hvis de spises ofte, kan bl.a. cadmium ophobes i nyrerne og skade dem. Det gælder især de champignoner, som bliver blegt gule ved berøring, fx Ager-Champignon. Disse arter bør kun spises et par gange om året.

Grøn Fluesvamp er en af vores farligste giftsvampe. Den er så giftig, at indtagelse af et enkelt frugtlegeme kan medføre døden. De fleste alvorlige svampeforgiftninger skyldes denne art – og der findes ingen virkelig effektiv modgift! Grøn Fluesvamp har hvide lameller, en hvid ring om stokken og en pose ved stokkens fod. Dens hat er lyst grøn, men kan afblege til hvidlig eller grålig. Unge eksemplarer er dækket af et hvidligt fællessvøb, så det ligner et æg. Den er relativt almindelig og vokser oftest under bøg, eg og hassel på leret jordbund.

Unge eksemplarer af Snehvid Fluesvamp er ligesom Grøn Fluesvamp dækket af et hvidligt fællessvøb, så det ligner et æg. Den vokser ofte under birk, eg eller fyr på mager jordbund.

Hos enkelte arter af Champignon farves især hatranden smørgul ved berøring, og de har en ubehagelig “kemisk lugt” (Karbol-Champignon m.fl.). Disse er svagt giftige.

Panter-Fluesvamp er meget giftig. Den har små hvidlige skæl på hatten, hvide lameller, en hvid, glat ring samt en randet knold ved stokkens basis. Panter-Fluesvamp er mindre almindelig og vokser i reglen under løvtræer.

Randbæltet Hjelmhat er meget giftig. Den har en 2-5 cm bred, brun hat, lameller som bliver brune når sporerne modnes, samt en uskællet, glat stok med en ring. Randbæltet Hjelmhat er ret almindelig og gror på stammer, stubbe og træflis af løv- og nåletræ.

Almindelig Netbladhat kan man tåle første gang, men spiser man den flere gange, kan man blive udsat for livsfarlige allergireaktioner. Den er almindelig og gror under løv- og nåletræer.

Satans Rørhat er en stor, kødfuld rørhat som er giftig. Den kendes på sin askegrå hat, den lyserøde og gule stok med en nettegning øverst, de orangerøde rørmundinger, og kødet der kun blåner moderat.

Desuden lugter ældre hatte kvalmende ubehageligt, nærmest som en blanding af svinemøg og karry. Satans Rørhat findes på fed, oftest kalkholdig jordbund, og den er sjælden. Den lignende, meget sjældne Djævle-Rørhat har også nettegning på stokken og blåner moderat. Den er ligeledes giftig.

Stenmorkler er dødeligt giftige som rå. Mange bøger angiver, at deres giftstoffer kan fjernes ved tørring eller afkogning, men disse metoder er ikke sikre, og vi må under alle omstændigheder fraråde spisning af stenmorkler. Stenmorkler findes i fyrreskove om foråret, men er ret sjældne.

Eksemplarer af den trykte folder kan fås hos Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme, www.svampe.dk, E-mail: info@svampe.dk. Ministeriet for Fødevarer, Landbrug og Fiskeri Fødevarestyrelsen Mørkhøj Bygade 19 · 2860 Søborg Tlf 7227 6500 www.fvst.dk Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme www.svampe.dk Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme © Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme og Fødevarestyrelsen April 2011 · 5. Udgave · Publikationsnr.: 2011203 · Tekst: Jørn Gry og Jens H. Petersen. Foto: Jens H. Petersen – Spiselig Posesvamp Flemming Rune · Design: ESSENSEN.COM

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http://www.namyco.org/mushroom_poisoning_syndromes.php

Mushroom Poisoning Syndromes Of 14 distinctive types of mushroom poisoning found worldwide, so far about 10 distinctive patterns of reactions to mycotoxins have been observed in North America. NAMA maintains a case registry where you may report instances of mushroom poisoning.

• Gastrointestinal Irritants
• Muscarine
• Isoxazole Derivatives (Muscimol, Ibotenic Acid, and relatives)
• Amanitin (Amatoxins)
• Gyromitrin
• Delayed Kidney Damage: Orellanine
• Psilocybin, Psilocin, and other Indole Derivatives
• Prompt Kidney Damage
• Coprine and other Alcohol Induced Syndromes
• Miscellaneous and Unknown Toxins

Gastrointestinal Irritants

The most frequent form of mushroom poisoning is caused by a wide variety of gastrointestinal irritants. The symptoms usually appear within 20 minutes to 4 hours of ingesting the mushrooms, and include nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea, which normally pass after the irritant had been expelled. Severe cases may require hospitalization. Supportive treatment may include attempts to eliminate the irritants. In all cases where there has been vomiting and diarrhea, measures to replace lost fluids and electrolytes are important. Recovery is complete, though a bout with severe gastro-intestinal distress may put one off ever eating mushrooms again! IMPORTANT: If the gastrointestinal distress begins 6 to 24 hours after ingestion of the mushrooms, there is a possibility of a very serious toxicity from Amatoxins (see Amanitin). GI onset of 4-11 hours with impaired kidney function could be due to Allenic Norleucine (2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid). GI onset greater that 24 hours and up to 21 days could be due to Orellanine.

Muscarine

Mushrooms: Inocybe species, Clitocybe dealbata, and several relatives, Omphalatus species, and certain red-pored Boletus.

Inocybe lanuginosa

Clitocybe dealbata

Omphalotus illudens

Boletus eastwoodiae
The symptoms usually occur within 15-30 minutes of ingestion, and are focused on the involuntary nervous system. They include excessive salivation, sweating, tears, lactation (in pregnant women), plus severe vomiting and diarrhea. These symptoms may be accompanied by visual disturbances, irregular pulse, decreased blood pressure, and difficulty breathing. Victims normally recover within 24 hours, but severe cases may result in death due to respiratory failure. Atropine is a specific antidote, but must be administered by a physician. Dogs are particularly susceptible to the toxin muscarine.

Isoxazole Derivatives (Muscimol, Ibotenic Acid, and relatives)

Mushrooms: Amanita muscaria, A. pantherina, A. gemmata, Amanita multisquamosa (syn. A. cothurnata), A. frostiana, A. crenulata, A. strobiliformus, Tricholoma muscarium.

Amanita muscaria

Amanita pantherina

Amanita gemmata

Amanita multisquamosa
There is a great deal of confusion concerning these toxins, and much misinformation about their treatment. Atropine is NOT indicated in cases of poisoning by ibotenic acid or muscimol but is frequently cited as a treatment for A. muscaria poisonings in the medical literature, where the toxin is erroneously listed as muscarine! Atropine's effects are close to those of ibotenic acid, and may even exacerbate the symptoms.
Symptoms appear within 30 minute to 2 hours after ingestion, and last for several hours. Nausea and vomiting are quite common, but the principle effects are on the central nervous system: confusion, visual distortion, a feeling of greater strength, delusions and convulsions. Drowsiness is a common symptom, and many who ingest these mushrooms fall asleep and can not be roused. In rare cases the coma-like state can last for more than 24 hours. This facet of the syndrome can be particularly frightening for the attending physician, as most cases involve patients who arrive in this apparently comatose state. The resulting panicked reaction and overtreatment, generally produces no benefit to the patient. In humans, there are no reliably documented cases of death from toxins in these mushrooms in the past 100 years, though there is one case where a camper froze to death while in the comatose state. Dogs and especially cats can die from these isoxazole toxins, though it is important for the vet not to euthanize an animal even though the chances for recovery appear remote — once the animal awakens from the comatose state recovery is normally complete over the course of a week or so.
Treatment of humans and animals is largely supportive. Measures to reduce anxiety can include reassuring the patient that the effects are only temporary. If there has been extensive vomiting and diarrhea, measures to replace fluids and electrolytes can speed recovery. Recovery is normally spontaneous. To reiterate: Muscarine plays no documented clinical role in poisonings by Amanita muscaria or A. pantherina. Atropine is not indicated.

Amanitin (Amatoxins)

Mushrooms: Amanita phalloides, A. ocreata, A. verna, A. bisporigera, Conocybe filaris, Galerina marginata (syn. G. autumnalis), G. venenata, Lepiotia castanea, L. helveola, L. subincarnata (syn. L. josserandii) , L. brunneoincarnata, L. brunneolilacea, and close relatives.

Amanita phalloides

Amanita ocreata

Amanita bisporigera

Conocybe filaris

Galerina marginata

Lepiota subincarnata
Extremely Serious. The fatality rate for Amanitin poisoning is about 50% without prompt, knowledgeable medical treatment, but is about 10% in the U.S. and Canada where good medical care is readily available. Amatoxins are doubly dangerous due to the fact that the symptoms are delayed for 6 to 24 hours after ingestion, by which time the toxins have been completely absorbed by the body and after the initial state of gastric distress, the patient may appear to recover about day two or day three and be sent home. Monitoring of liver enzyme function is critical in cases of delayed onset GI distress!
Amanitins are a group of complex cyclic polypeptides which damage tissues by inhibiting RNA synthesis within each individual cell. Onset of symptoms manifests itself in four stages:

• First stage is a latency period of 6 to 24 hours after ingestion, in which the toxins are actively destroying the victim's kidneys and liver, but the victim experiences no discomfort.
• Second stage is a period of about 24 hours characterized by violent vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and severe abdominal cramps.
• Third stage is a period of 24 hours during which the victim appears to recover (if hospitalized, the patient is sometimes released!)
• Fourth stage is a relapse, during which kidney and liver failure often occurs, leading to death. Patients may also “bleed out” and die due to the destruction of clotting factors in the blood. There may be more than one relapse.

If you have any reason to suspect that someone has ingested an amanitin-containing mushroom, DON’T WAIT for symptoms to appear! There is no antidote for amanitin poisoning, and the best hope is to rush the person to the hospital where the toxins can be removed before being fully absorbed into the body.
Seeking prompt medical treatment when amatoxin poisoning is suspected is critical. Since the symptoms (NOTE: in the most serious cases, severe diarrhea can begin in as little as 6 hours post ingestion) typically do not appear until 12 or more hours after ingestion of an amatoxin containing species, activated charcoal to remove the toxins from the GI (mave/tarm) tract is ineffective. In all but the most severe cases, aggressive IV fluid treatment can slowly flush the toxins from the system in the excreted urine. Liver enzymes levels and blood clotting factors must be closely monitored. In severe cases (as measured by liver enzyme levels and blood clotting factors) experimental use of IV (intravenøst) silibinin and other measures may help enough that a liver transplant can be avoided. Use of penicillin is no longer considered effective. For a full review of treatment strategies see "Amatoxin Poisoning in North America 2015-2016"

Gyromitrin

Mushrooms: Gyromitra esculenta and possibly G. ambigua, G. infula. Note Several additional Gyromitra spp., notably G. montanum, G. gigas, G. fastigiata (=brunnea), G. californica, G. sphaerospora and also many related Ascomycetes, such as some species of Helvella, Verpa, andCudonia spp., even Morels can cause upset if consumed raw or not thoroughly cooked, though the toxins are not clearly known in most cases.

Gyromitra esculenta

Gyromitra infula
Gyromitrin's product of hydrolysis is monomethylhydrazine (MMH), a colorless, volatile, highly toxic, carcinogenic compound, first discovered and used for it's hypergolic (dvs. som spontant starter forbrænding når det kommer i kontakt med det andet stof) properties in combination with nitrogen tetroxide. MMH is used by NASA as rocket fuel, which should give some idea of what is meant by "volatile".
"Volatile" also means that gyromitrin has a low boiling point, and thus mushrooms containing it can have a puzzling non-effect on some, whereas others are severely poisoned. In Europe, it has sometimes only been the cooks who have died from Gyromitra esculenta. The dividing line between a "safe and "lethal dose" is very slim.
Symptoms appear within 2 to 24 hours and include headaches, abdominal distress, severe diarrhea, and vomiting. In severe cases, liver, kidney, and red blood cell damage may occur, possibly resulting in death. Treatment is largely supportive, and a physician should be consulted.
Gyromitrin is also a known carcinogen, so consuming a less than toxic dose may also cause trouble down the line.

Delayed Kidney Damage: Orellanine

Mushrooms: Cortinarius orellanus, C. rubellus (=C. orellanoides, C. speciosissimus, C. rainierensis), and C. gentilis. C. splendens, C. atrovirens, and C. venenosus, may possibly cause orellanine-like poisoning.




Cortinarius orellanosus
Cortinarius rubellus
Cortinarius atrovirens
Cortinarius gentilis
Extremely Serious. Onset of symptoms from orellanine poisoning can be very greatly delayed (as much as three weeks), the toxin isn't very well understood, and specific treatments are not available. In Finland, rats fed either dried Cortinarius orellanus or dried Cortinarius gentilis suffered severe kidney impairment. The only orellanine poisoning in North America involved kidney failure in a Michigan woman who consumed a Cortinarius species similar to Cortinarius orellanus but found under oaks in 2008. In 2010 this new species was named Cortinarius orellanosus.
Symptoms occur within 36 hours to 3 weeks of ingestion (average is about 8 days), and include nausea, vomiting, lethargy, anorexia, frequent urination, burning thirst, headache, sensations of coldness and shivering (fever generally absent), evidence or progressive kidney failure.
Beyond the standard management of kidney failure, there is little but supportive treatment of use in cases of orellanine poisoning. Patients with severe, but not irreversible damage may begin to recover kidney function between two and four weeks after the onset of symptoms. NOTE: The compounds involved in this syndrome show a very strong uv fluorescence. Both the mushrooms and tissues of the poisoned individual will exhibit this fluorescence.

Psilocybin, Psilocin, and other Indole Derivatives

Mushrooms: About 20 Psilocybe species including P. cyanescens, P. stuntzii, P. cubensis, and P. semilanceata, several Panaeolous species including P. cyanescens and P. subbalteatus, at least three Gymnopilus species most notably Gymnopilus spectabilis plus at least one Mycena, one Pluteus, one Conocybe and one Inocybe.




Psilocybe cyanescens
Psilocybe stuntzii
Psilocybe cubensis
Gymnopilus spectabilis
These indoles are well-known as hallucinogens, and these mushrooms have played important roles in religion and medicine in some parts of the world, notably in South America. Their properties were "rediscovered" by mycologists in Oaxaca in the 1930s, and studied by mycoethnographers Gordon and Valentina Wasson in the 1950s; their chemistry was documented by Albert Hoffmann.
Both psilocybin and psilocin are found naturally in mushrooms, though their ecological purpose is unknown. In the human body, they affect the serotonergic systems in the brain, and show some cross-tolerance with substances such as LSD.
Onset of symptoms usually occurs within an hour of ingestion, and effects typically last up to four to six hours. Effects are primarily psychological and perceptual, including heightened color perception, emotional effects such as religious ecstasy or anxiety, and sometimes hallucinations or delusions. As with any other psychologically-active substance, mindset and situation can greatly influence psilocybin's subjective effects. Care should be taken not to frighten or upset a person under its influence, and if a victim does become anxious, to reassure them that the effects are temporary. Little research has been done on antitoxins, but tryptophan may have a mitigating effect.
Nausea and vomiting are sometimes associated, but generally occur earlier than the psychological effects, and may be associated with other toxins present in some psilocybin-bearing species, rather than with the indoles themselves. A very few severe reactions, including fevers and deaths, have been reported in contexts of psilocybin poisoning of small children; "grazing" accidents by toddlers should be treated in a hospital.
Perhaps the greatest danger posed by psilocybin as a mycotoxin is that the mycologically ignorant may, in hunting for "magic mushrooms," find themselves consuming something different and far more dangerous. Galerina marginata (Syn. G. autumnalis) and other amanitoxin-bearing "little brown mushrooms" may be mistaken for hallucinogenic species. There has even been a report of children inhaling the spores of Lycoperdon puffballs in the hopes of "getting high," only to wreak havoc on their lungs.

Prompt Kidney Damage

Mushrooms: Amanita smithiana, A. proxima, A. pseudoporphyria. Note: A compound, chlorocrotylglycine, may also be toxic.



Amanita smithiana
Amanita proxima
Amanita pseudoporphyria
Amanita smithiana has caused numerous poisonings in the Pacific Northwest, where it is possibly being mistaken for the popular Matsutake, or "Pine Mushroom" Tricholoma magnivelare, to which it bears a superficial resemblance. Many physicians have been quick to attribute these poisonings to orellanine, and indeed there are some obvious similarities in the symptoms. However, onset of symptoms is more rapid in cases of A. smithiana poisoning (between 4 and 11 hours, compared to orellanine with a 36 hour to 3 week onset period). A. smithiana causes gastrointestinal distress, anxiety, chills, cramps, disorientation, kidney failure and sometimes malaise, sweating, weakness, warm feeling, oliguria, polyurea, thirst. The toxin was thought to be allenic norleucine (2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid). However, the toxin is an as yet unknown compound.

Unknown Toxin. Mushroom: Paxillus involutus complex

Photo by Tim Sage
A complex of North American species that resemble the European species, Paxillus involutus, have caused poisonings in North America. It is the third most common cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in Eastern Europe, where is has a long and unfortunate culinary history. However, the main toxic component in P. involutus causes acute immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.
Hemolytic anemia occurs mainly in individuals who have eaten P. involutus for many years without ill effect. Because the syndrome is related to repeat, long-term exposure to the toxin, poisonings may likely go unrecognized, with the more likely diagnosis being idiopathic immune hemolytic anemia.
It is perhaps warranted to suggest that in cases of idiopathic anemia, especially in patients of Eastern European extraction, that the question of P. involutus consumption be raised.

Coprine

Mushrooms with coprine: Coprinopsis atramentaria (=Coprinus atramentarius), C. insignis, C. quadrifidus, C. variegatus.

Onset of Antabuse-like symptoms may begin a few minutes after alcohol is consumed by a person who has typically eaten Inky Caps (Coprinopsis atramentaria). The symptoms are tachycardia (racing heart) and palpitations, tingling arms and legs, warmth and flushing, and sometimes headache, heavy limbs, salivation. Even alcohol consumption as much as 5 days after eating Inky Caps can trigger the Antabuse-like reaction.

Other Alcohol Induced Syndromes

Mushrooms: Coprinus comatus, Clitocybe clavipes, Boletus luridus, Morels, Pholiota squarrosa, Armillaria mellea, Pleurotus ostreatus, Boletus edulis, etc.
coprinus comatus
clitocybe clavipes
pholiota squarrosa
oyster mushroom
Coprinus comatus
Clitocybe clavipes
Pholiota squarrosa
Pleurotus ostreatus
Symptoms include GI (gastro-intestinal) distress in susceptible individuals. The delay is up to 5 hours. However, this is not the Antabuse syndrome (see above) of the Inky Cap involving racing heart, warmth and flushing, etc.

Miscellaneous Syndromes

Cholorophyllum molybdites
Chlorophyllum molybdites, the "green-spored parasol", "vomiter", "false parasol", is the most common mushroom cause of human poisonings in North America leading to severe gastro-intestinal distress, sometimes with blood in the vomitus and excrement. (Confused with shaggy parasol, shaggy mane). In lawns and parks. Spread to Scotland.

Pets can also be poisoned. Be alert to keep any mushrooms that grow in your yard picked and disposed of (the mushrooms are safe to pick up and throw away). For both humans and pets, intravenous rehydration therapy is most important, with any other symptoms treated on a symptomatic basis.

Rhabdomyolysis. Mushrooms: Tricholoma equestre (=T. flavovirens), Russula subnigricans.
tricholoma flavovirens
Tricholoma equestre

Toxicity from Tricholoma equestre has not been reported from the U.S. and some question whether or not it is dangerous, but consumption of massive quantities of this species in Europe have reportedly resulted in delayed kidney damage, delayed neurotoxicity, and breakdown of muscle fibers with release of myoglobin into the blood stream. The European cases of rhabdomyolysis are associated with respiratory and cardiac (myocarditis) complications leading to death. Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The rhabdomyolysis observed with Russula subnigricans in Japan and Taiwan occurs by a different mechanism than that observed with Tricholoma equestre.

Erythromelalgia. Mushrooms: Clitocybe amoenolens and C. acromelalgia. Similar species include Clitocybe (Lepista) inversa, Clitocybe squamosa, Clitocybe gibba, and Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca.
clitocybe amoenolens
Clitocybe amoenolens (new name after 2012: Paralepistopsis amoenolens) – Several people consumed it after having mistaken it for the edible Clitocybe gibba [Almindelig Tragthat] or Lepista inversa (new name: Paralepista flaccida [Lepista flaccida = Brunstænket Hekseringshat, tidligere kaldt Brunstænket Tragthat]). The erythromelalgia symptoms lasted from 8 days to 5 months, and one person had symptoms in 3 years.

Saviuc and Danel (Saviuc P, Danel V, “New Syndromes in Mushroom Poisoning.” Toxicol Rev 2006; 25(3):199-209) point out that the erythromelalgia syndrome was described as early as the 19th century in Japan and South Korea with Clitocybe acromelalga and since 1996 in France and later in Italy with Clitocybe amoenolens. Erythromelalgia [melos = lem, algos = smerte, akromelalgi] occurs as a result of a maldistribution of blood flow with extremities of the body (typically nose, fingers and toes) calling for more blood and winding up with so much blood flow through various open vessels that hands and feet and nose receive too much and turn bright red, warm to the touch. The situation is very painful and symptoms can last for months. Onset of symptoms is about 1 week after ingestion of the mushrooms and appears to be caused by acromelic acids, compounds that structurally mimic the neurotransmitter glutamate.

Encephalopathy. Mushrooms: Hapalopilus rutilans (=Hapalopilus nidulans), Pleurocybella porrigens
Hapalopilus nidulans
Hapalopilus nidulans – click on image to see
photo by Dan Molter

Hapalopilus nidulans and Hapalopilus rutilans (Index Fungorum lists both species, but genetic work seems to indicate that they are synonymous) can contain up to 40% by dry weight polyporic acid (a dihydroxyquinone derivative). Polyporic acid reacts with KOH to give a diagnostic red to lilac to purple color. Hapalopilus nidulans is a small, fleshy, drab orangish polypore (sometimes with pale pinkish tones) found on hardwoods in eastern North America + Europa/Danmark and reported to occur on conifers in western North America, . Whether the western-american material is the same species as the eastern-american material is unclear, but the KOH test indicates the probable presence of polyporic acid (though there are other compounds that can give a false positive reaction). Ingestion of this species can cause kidney dysfunction and brain damage.
Pleurocybella porrigens
Pleurocybella porrigens
In Japan in 2004 ingestion of large amounts of Pleurocybella porrigens led to an outbreak of convulsive encephalopathy in patients with a history of chronic renal failure resulting in over a dozen deaths. To see a longer treatment of this finding, follow this link…

Rash. Suillus spp. and sometimes other mushrooms
Simply handling mushrooms can on rare occasion cause a rash and itching similar to reaction to poison oak and poison ivy in sensitive individuals. Reported most frequently for Suillus americanus and similar species.
(VI havde et tilfælde i Hareskovtur nr. hsk85 aug. 2017)

Shiitake Dermatitis Syndrome – Toxic and Allergic Reactions to Raw and Undercooked Shiitake
Shiitake mushroom
Lentinula edodes

For affected individuals, a rash usually begins about 48 hours after consumption of raw or undercooked Shiitake and lasts for about 10 days. It is a toxic, not an allergic, reaction and is believed to result from lentinan, a starch-like polysaccharide, triggering blood vessels to dilate and leak small amounts of inflammatory compounds just beneath the skin. The rash typically begins as red areas that neither hurt nor itch. Soon red blisters form and then harden over the red regions but the rash is not initially itchy like a poison oak rash would be at that point. The red streaks then turn to purple raised welts which persist for days. The purple welts make the victim appear to have been flogged or to have been vigorously scratching a poison oak rash. The syndrome was long thought to be restricted to Asia since most of the world’s production of Shiitake [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler] occurs in Asia. However, a case has recently been reported from Portland, Oregon and there may have been other cases that were not diagnosed. Clinically the rash resembles flagellate dermatitis caused by Bleomycin, a sulfur-containing polypeptide derived from Streptomyces verticillus. Lentinan is decomposed upon heating and so it is only consumption of raw or partially cooked Shiitake that poses a problem. Only 2% or less of the population is likely to be affected.
While Shiitake dermatitis itself is a toxic reaction, not an immune-stimulated allergic reaction, consumption of large amounts of raw Shiitake in individuals who would otherwise be unaffected, can lead to an allergic response. Sensitized individuals react strongly when pricked with raw Shiitake but not with cooked Shiitake, indicating that they have developed an allergy. Some workers in Shiitake-grow-houses develop an eczema-like rash due to Shiitake specific immunoglobulin. There are also documented cases of allergic and chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by spores of Shiitake.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_poisoning

Mushroom poisoning (also known as mycetism or mycetismus) refers to harmful effects from ingestion of toxic substances present in a mushroom. These symptoms can vary from slight gastrointestinal discomfort to death. The toxins present are secondary metabolites produced by the fungus.

Folk traditions[edit]
Many folk traditions concern the defining features of poisonous mushrooms.[1][2] However, there are no general identifiers for poisonous mushrooms, so such traditions are unreliable.
Examples of erroneous folklore "rules" include:

• "Poisonous mushrooms are brightly colored." – Indeed fly agaric, usually bright-red to orange or yellow, is narcotic and hallucinogenic, although no human deaths have been reported. The deadly destroying angel, in contrast, is an unremarkable white. The deadly Galerinasare brown. Some choice edible species (chanterelles, Amanita caesarea, Laetiporus sulphureus, etc.) are brightly colored, whereas most poisonous species are brown or white.
• "Insects/animals will avoid toxic mushrooms." – Fungi that are harmless to invertebrates can still be toxic to humans; the death cap, for instance, is often infested by insect larvae.
• "Poisonous mushrooms blacken silver." – None of the known mushroom toxins have a reaction with silver.
• "Poisonous mushrooms taste bad." – People having eaten the deadly Amanitas reported that the mushrooms tasted quite good.
• "All mushrooms are safe if cooked/parboiled/dried/pickled/etc." – While it is true that some otherwise-inedible species can be rendered safe by special preparation, many toxic species cannot be made toxin-free. Many fungal toxins are not particularly sensitive to heat and so are not broken down during cooking; in particular, α-amanitin, the poison produced by the death cap (Amanita phalloides) and others of the genus, is not denatured by heat.
• "Poisonous mushrooms will turn rice red when boiled."[3] – A number of Laotian refugees were hospitalized after eating mushrooms (probably toxic Russula species) deemed safe by this folklore rule and this misconception cost at least one person her life.[4][5]
• "Poisonous mushrooms have a pointed cap. Edible ones have a flat, rounded cap." – The shape of the mushroom cap does not correlate with presence or absence of mushroom toxins, so this is not a reliable method to distinguish between edible and poisonous species. Death cap, for instance, has a rounded cap when mature.
• "Boletes are, in general, safe to eat." – It is true that, unlike a number of Amanita species in particular, in most parts of the world, there are no known deadly varieties of the Boletus genus, which reduces the risks associated with misidentification. However, mushrooms like the Devil's bolete are poisonous both raw and cooked and can lead to strong gastrointestinal symptoms, and other species like the lurid bolete require thorough cooking to break down toxins. As with other mushroom genera, proper caution is, therefore, advised in determining the correct species.

Causes

New species of fungi are continuing to be discovered, with an estimated number of 800 new species registered annually. This, added to the fact that many investigations have recently reclassified some species of mushrooms from edible to poisonous has made older classifications insufficient at describing what now is known about the different species of fungi that are harmful to humans. Thus, contrary to what older registers state, it is now thought that of the approximately 100,000 known fungi species found worldwide, about 100 of them are poisonous to humans.[6] However, by far the majority of mushroom poisonings are not fatal,[7] and the majority of fatal poisonings are attributable to the Amanita phalloides mushroom.[8]

Amanita spp., immature, possibly poisonous, Amanitamushrooms.

Coprinus comatus, immature (edible) shaggy mane mushrooms.
A majority of these cases are due to mistaken identity.[3] This is a common occurrence with A. phalloides in particular, due to its resemblance to the Asian paddy-straw mushroom, Volvariella volvacea. Both are light-colored and covered with a universal veil when young.
Amanitas can be mistaken for other species, as well, in particular when immature. On at least one occasion[9] they have been mistaken for Coprinus comatus. In this case, the victim had some limited experience in identifying mushrooms, but did not take the time to correctly identify these particular mushrooms until after he began to experience symptoms of mushroom poisoning.

Amanitas, two examples of immature Amanitas, one deadly and one edible.

Puffball, an edible puffball mushroom, which closely resembles the immature Amanitas.
The author of Mushrooms Demystified, David Arora[10] cautions puffball-hunters to beware of Amanita "eggs", which are Amanitas still entirely encased in their universal veil. Amanitas at this stage are difficult to distinguish from puffballs. Foragers are encouraged to always cut the fruiting bodies of suspected puffballs in half, as this will reveal the outline of a developing Amanita should it be present within the structure.
A majority of mushroom poisonings in general are the result of small children, especially toddlers in the "grazing" stage, ingesting mushrooms found in the lawn. While this can happen with any mushroom, Chlorophyllum molybdites is often implicated due to its preference for growing in lawns. C. molybdites causes severe gastrointestinal upset but is not considered deadly poisonous.
A few poisonings are the result of misidentification while attempting to collect hallucinogenic mushrooms for recreational use.[11] In 1981, one fatality and two hospitalizations occurred following consumption of Galerina autumnalis, mistaken for a Psilocybe species.[12] Galerina and Psilocybe species are both small, brown, and sticky, and can be found growing together. However, Galerina contains amatoxins, the same poison found in the deadly Amanita species. Another case reports kidney failure following ingestion of Cortinarius orellanus,[13] a mushroom containing orellanine.
It is natural that accidental ingestion of hallucinogenic species also occurs, but is rarely harmful when ingested in small quantities. Cases of serious toxicity have been reported in small children.[14] Amanita pantherina, while it contains the same hallucinogens as Amanita muscaria (e.g., ibotenic acid and muscimol), has been more commonly associated with severe gastrointestinal upset than its better-known counterpart.[10]

Jack-O-Lantern, a poisonous mushroom sometimes mistaken for a chanterelle.

Chanterelle, edible.
Although usually not fatal, Omphalotus spp., "Jack-o-lantern mushrooms," are another cause of sometimes significant toxicity.[10] They are sometimes mistaken for chanterelles. Both are bright-orange and fruit at the same time of year, although Omphalotus grows on wood and has true gills rather than the veins of a Cantharellus. They contain toxins known as illudins, which causes gastrointestinal symptoms.

Bioluminescent species are generally inedible and often mildly toxic.[citation needed]

Clitocybe dealbata, which is occasionally mistaken for an oyster mushroom or other edible species contains muscarine.

Toxicities can also occur with collection of morels. Even true morels, if eaten raw, will cause gastrointestinal upset. Typically, morels are thoroughly cooked before eating. Verpa bohemica, although referred to as "thimble morels" or "early morels" by some, have caused toxic effects in some individuals.[15]

Gyromitra spp., "false morels", are deadly poisonous if eaten raw. They contain a toxin called gyromitrin, which can cause neurotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, and destruction of the blood cells.[16] The Finns consume Gyromitra esculenta after parboiling, but this may not render the mushroom entirely safe, resulting in its being called the "fugu of the Finnish cuisine."

A more unusual toxin is coprine, a disulfiram-like compound that is harmless unless ingested within a few days of ingesting alcohol. It inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme required for breaking down alcohol. Thus, the symptoms of toxicity are similar to being hung over—flushing, headache, nausea, palpitations, and, in severe cases, trouble breathing. Coprinus species, including Coprinopsis atramentaria, contain coprine. Coprinus comatus does not,[17] but it is best to avoid mixing alcohol with other members of this genus.

Recently[when?], poisonings have also been associated with Amanita smithiana. These poisonings may be due to orellanine, but the onset of symptoms occurs in 4 to 11 hours, which is much quicker than the 3 to 20 days normally associated with orellanine.[18]

Paxillus involutus is also inedible when raw, but is eaten in Europe after pickling or parboiling. However, after the death of the German mycologist Dr Julius Schäffer, it was discovered that the mushroom contains a toxin that can stimulate the immune system to attack its own red blood cells. This reaction is rare, but can occur even after safely eating the mushroom for many years.[19]

Similarly, Tricholoma equestre was widely considered edible and good, until it was connected with rare cases of rhabdomyolysis.[20]

In the fall of 2004, thirteen deaths were associated with consumption of Pleurocybella porrigens or "angel's wings."[21] In general, these mushrooms are considered edible. All the victims died of an acute brain disorder, and all had pre-existing kidney disease. The exact cause of the toxicity was not known at this time and the deaths cannot be definitively attributed to mushroom consumption.

The highly toxic ergot Claviceps purpurea, which grows on rye, is sometimes ground up with rye, unnoticed, and later consumed. This can cause devastating, even fatal effects, which is called ergotism.

Cases of idiosyncratic or unusual reactions to fungi can also occur. Some are probably due to allergy, others to some other kind of sensitivity. It is not uncommon for an individual person to experience gastrointestinal upset associated with one particular mushroom species or genus.[21]

Toxins and their symptoms

See also: Category:Mycotoxins
Poisonous mushrooms contain a variety of different toxins that can differ markedly in toxicity. Symptoms of mushroom poisoning may vary from gastric upset to life-threatening organ failure resulting in death. Serious symptoms do not always occur immediately after eating, often not until the toxin attacks the kidney or liver, sometimes days or weeks later.
The most common consequence of mushroom poisoning is simply gastrointestinal upset. Most "poisonous" mushrooms contain gastrointestinal irritants that cause vomiting and diarrhea (sometimes requiring hospitalization), but usually no long-term damage. However, there are a number of recognized mushroom toxins with specific, and sometimes deadly, effects:
Toxin
Toxicity
Effects
Alpha-amanitin
Deadly
Causes often fatal liver damage 1–3 days after ingestion. Principal toxin in the death cap.
Phallotoxin
Non-lethal
Causes extreme gastrointestinal upset. Found in various mushrooms.
Orellanine
Deadly
Redox cycler similar to paraquat. Causes kidney failure within 3 weeks after ingestion. Principal toxin in genus Cortinarius.
Muscarine
Potentially deadly
Causes SLUDGE syndrome. Found in various mushrooms. Antidote is atropine
Monomethylhydrazine(MMH)
Deadly
Causes brain damage, seizures, gastrointestinal upset, and hemolysis. Metabolic poison. Principal toxin in genus Gyromitra. Antidote is large doses of intravenous pyridoxine hydrochloride[22]
Coprine
Non-lethal
Causes illness when consumed with alcohol. Principal toxin in genus Coprinus.
Ibotenic acid
Potentially deadly
Excitotoxin. Principal toxin in Amanita muscaria, A. pantherina, and A. gemmata.
Muscimol
Psychoactive
Causes CNS depression and hallucinations. Principal toxin in Amanita muscaria, A. pantherina, and A. gemmata.
Psilocybin and psilocin
Psychoactive
Causes CNS arousal and hallucinations. Principal Effects in psilocybin mushrooms, many of which belonging to the genus Psilocybe (often used recreationally).
Arabitol
Non-lethal
Causes diarrhea in some people.
Bolesatine
Non-lethal
Causes gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, nausea.
Ergotamine
Deadly
Affects the vascular system and can lead to loss of limbs and/or cardiac arrest. Found in genus Claviceps.
The period of time between ingestion and the onset of symptoms varies dramatically between toxins, some taking days to show symptoms identifiable as mushroom poisoning.

• Alpha-amanitin: For 6–12 hours, there are no symptoms. This is followed by a period of gastrointestinal upset (vomiting and profuse, watery diarrhea). This stage is caused primarily by the phallotoxins[23] and typically lasts 24 hours. At the end of this second stage is when severe liver damage begins. The damage may continue for another 2–3 days. Kidney damage can also occur. Some patients will require a liver transplant.[24] Amatoxins are found in some mushrooms in the genus Amanita, but are also found in some species of Galerina and Lepiota.[10] Overall, mortality is between 10 and 15 percent.[25] Recently, Silybum marianum or blessed milk thistle has been shown to protect the liver from amanita toxins and promote regrowth of damaged cells.[26][27]
• Orellanine: This toxin causes no symptoms for 3–20 days after ingestion. Typically around day 11, the process of kidney failure begins,[23] and is usually symptomatic by day 20. These symptoms can include pain in the area of the kidneys, thirst, vomiting, headache, and fatigue. A few species in the very large genus Cortinarius contain this toxin. People having eaten mushrooms containing orellanine may experience early symptoms as well, because the mushrooms often contain other toxins in addition to orellanine.[28] A related toxin that causes similar symptoms but within 3–6 days has been isolated from Amanita smithiana and some other related toxic Amanitas.[29]
• Muscarine: Muscarine stimulates the muscarinic receptors of the nerves and muscles. Symptoms include sweating, salivation, tears, blurred vision, palpitations, and, in high doses, respiratory failure.[30] Muscarine is found in mushrooms of the genus Omphalotus, notably the Jack o' Lantern mushrooms. It is also found in A. muscaria, although it is now known that the main effect of this mushroom is caused by ibotenic acid. Muscarine can also be found in some Inocybe species and Clitocybe species, in particular Clitocybe dealbata, and some red-pored Boletes.[10]
• Gyromitrin: Stomach acids convert gyromitrin to monomethylhydrazine (MMH), a compound employed in rocket fuel. It affects multiple body systems. It blocks the important neurotransmitter GABA, leading to stupor, delirium, muscle cramps, loss of coordination,[23] tremors, and/or seizures. It causes severe gastrointestinal irritation, leading to vomiting and diarrhea. In some cases, liver failure has been reported.[23] It can also cause red blood cells to break down, leading to jaundice, kidney failure, and signs of anemia. It is found in mushrooms of the genus Gyromitra.[16] A gyromitrin-like compound has also been identified in mushrooms of the genus Verpa.[15]
• Coprine: Coprine is metabolized to a chemical that resembles disulfiram. It inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which, in general, causes no harm, unless the person has alcohol in their bloodstream while ALDH is inhibited. This can happen if alcohol is ingested shortly before or up to a few days after eating the mushrooms. In that case the alcohol cannot be completely metabolized, and the person will experience flushed skin, vomiting, headache, dizziness, weakness, apprehension, confusion, palpitations, and sometimes trouble breathing. Coprine is found mainly in mushrooms of the genus Coprinus, although similar effects have been noted after ingestion of Clitocybe clavipes.
• Ibotenic acid: Decarboxylates into muscimol upon ingestion. The effects of muscimol vary, but nausea and vomiting are common. Confusion, euphoria, or sleepiness are possible. Loss of muscular coordination, sweating, and chills are likely. Some people experience visual distortions, a feeling of strength, or delusions. Symptoms normally appear after 30 minutes to 2 hours and last for several hours. A. muscaria, the "Alice in Wonderland" mushroom, is known for the hallucinatory experiences caused by muscimol, but A. pantherina and A. gemmata also contain the same compound.[10] While normally self-limiting, fatalities have been associated with A. pantherina,[14] and consumption of a large number of any of these mushrooms is likely to be dangerous.
• Psilocybin: Dephosphorylates into the psychoactive psilocin upon ingestion, which acts as a psychedelic drug. Symptoms begin shortly after ingestion. The effects can include euphoria, visual and religious hallucinations, and heightened perception. However, some persons experience fear, agitation, confusion, and schizophrenia-like symptoms. All symptoms generally pass after several hours. Some (though not all) members of the genus Psilocybe contain psilocybin, as do some Panaeolus, Copelandia, Conocybe, Gymnopilus, and others. Some of these mushrooms also contain baeocystin, which has effects similar to psilocin.
• Arabitol: A sugar alcohol, similar to mannitol, which causes no harm in most people but causes gastrointestinal irritation in some. It is found in small amounts in oyster mushrooms, and considerable amounts in Suillus species and Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (the "false chanterelle").[31]

Some mushrooms contain less toxic compounds and, therefore, are not severely poisonous. Poisonings by these mushrooms may respond well to treatment. However, certain types of mushrooms, such as the Amanitas, contain very potent toxins and are very poisonous; so even if symptoms are treated promptly mortality is high. With some toxins, death can occur in a week or a few days. Although a liver or kidney transplant may save some patients with complete organ failure, in many cases there are no organs available. Patients hospitalized and given aggressive support therapy almost immediately after ingestion of amanitin-containing mushrooms have a mortality rate of only 10%, whereas those admitted 60 or more hours after ingestion have a 50–90% mortality rate.[32]

Poisonous mushrooms[edit]

See also: List of deadly fungi
Of the most lethal mushrooms, three—the death cap (A. phalloides), destroying angels (A. virosa and A. bisporigera), and the fool's mushroom (A. verna)—belong to the genus Amanita, and two more—the deadly webcap (C. rubellus), and the fool's webcap (C. orellanus)—are from the genus Cortinarius. Several species of Galerina, Lepiota, and Conocybe also contain lethal amounts of amatoxins. Deadly species are listed in the List of deadly fungi.
The following species may cause great discomfort, sometimes requiring hospitalization, but are not considered deadly.

• Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) – Contains the psychoactive muscimol and the neurotoxin ibotenic acid. Ibotenic acid decarboxylates into muscimol upon curing of the mushroom, rendering it relatively non-toxic, though death via respiratory depression is possible. Muscimol intoxication is often considered unpleasant and undesirable, however, and as such has seen little recreational use compared to the unrelated psilocybin mushroom, though it has been used as an entheogen by the native people of Siberia.
• Amanita pantherina (panther mushroom) – contains similar toxins as A. muscaria, but is associated with more fatalities than A. muscaria.[14]
• Chlorophyllum molybdites (greengills) – causes intense gastrointestinal upset.
• Entoloma (pinkgills) – some species are highly poisonous, such as livid entoloma (Entoloma sinuatum), Entoloma rhodopolium, and Entoloma nidorosum. Symptoms of intense gastrointestinal upset appear after 20 minutes to 4 hours, caused by an unidentified gastrointestinal irritant.[33]
• Many Inocybe species such as Inocybe fastigiata and Inocybe geophylla contain muscarine, while Inocybe erubescens is the only one known to have caused death.
• Some white Clitocybe species, including C. rivulosa and C. dealbata – contain muscarine.[10]
• Tricholoma pardinum, Tricholoma tigrinum (tiger tricholoma) – gastrointestinal upset due to an unidentified toxin, begins in 15 minutes to 2 hours and lasts 4 to 6 days.
• Tricholoma equestre (man-on-horseback) – until recently thought edible and good, can lead to rhabdomyolysis after repeated consumption.
• Hypholoma fasciculare/Naematoloma fasciculare (sulfur tuft) – usually causes gastrointestinal upset,[10] but the toxins fasciculol E and F could lead to paralysis and death.[34]
• Paxillus involutus (brown roll-rim) – once thought edible, but now found to destroy red blood cells with regular or long-term consumption.[19]
• Rubroboletus satanas (Devil's bolete), Suillellus luridus (formerly Boletus luridus, the lurid bolete = Netstokket Indigo-rørhat; laboratory testing has not revealed any evidence of coprin in it), Rubroboletus legaliae, Chalciporus piperatus, Neoboletus luridiformis (until 2014 Boletus luridiformis = Punktstokket Indigo-rørhat) , Rubroboletus pulcherrimus (findes i det vestlige Nordamerika – until 2005 this was the only bolete that has been implicated in the death of someone consuming it – a couple developed gastrointestinal symptoms in 1994 and the husband died after infarction of the midgut) – gastrointestinal irritation. Of these, only R. pulcherrimus has been implicated in a death. Many books list Neoboletus luridiformis (until 2014 Boletus luridiformis = Punktstokket Indigo-rørhat) as edible, but Arora[10] lists it as "to be avoided."
• Hebeloma crustuliniforme (known as poison pie or fairy cakes) – causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.
• Russula emetica (the sickener) – as its name implies, causes rapid vomiting. Other Russulas with a peppery taste (Russula silvicola, Russula mairei) will likely do the same.[10]
• Agaricus hondensis, Agaricus californicus, Agaricus praeclaresquamosus, Agaricus xanthodermus – cause vomiting and diarrhea in most people, although some people seem to be immune.[10]
• Lactifluus piperatus, Lactarius torminosus, Lactarius rufus – these and other peppery-tasting milk-caps are pickled and eaten in Scandinavia, but are indigestible or poisonous unless correctly prepared.[10]
• Lactarius vinaceorufescens, Lactarius uvidus – reported to be poisonous. Arora[10] reports that all yellow- or purple-staining Lactarius are "best avoided."
• Ramaria gelatinosa – causes indigestion in many people, although some seem immune.[10]
• Gomphus floccosus (the scaly chanterelle) – causes gastric upset in many people, although some eat it without problems. G. floccosus is sometimes confused with the chanterelle.[10]

Other causes[edit]

Mushrooms may be rendered poisonous by insecticides or herbicides sprayed on lawns or reserves. At least one author recommends never picking them in non-natural landscapes for this reason.[citation needed]
Also, mushrooms are sometimes contaminated by concentrating pollutants, such as heavy metals or radioactive material (see Chernobyl disaster effects).
Rotten mushrooms may cause food poisoning. Mushrooms that are mushy, bad-smelling, or moldy (even of a choice edible species) may be toxic due to bacterial decay or mold.
Many mushrooms are high in fiber. Excessive consumption of mushrooms may lead to indigestion, which may be diagnosed as mushroom "poisoning."

Famous incidents[edit]

• Siddhartha Gautama (known as The Buddha), by some accounts, may have died of mushroom poisoning around ~479 BCE,[35] though this claim has not been universally accepted.[36]
• Roman Emperor Claudius is said to have been murdered by being fed the death cap mushroom. However, this story first appeared some two centuries after the events, and it is even debatable whether Claudius was murdered at all.[37] Pope Clement VII is also rumored to have been murdered this way. However, it is similarly debated whether he died from any kind of poisoning at all.
• Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Tsaritsa Natalia Naryshkina are believed to have died from eating the death cap mushroom.
• According to a popular legend, the composer Johann Schobert died in Paris, along with his wife, one of his children, maidservant, and four acquaintances after insisting that certain poisonous mushrooms were edible.
• The best-selling author Nicholas Evans (The Horse Whisperer) was poisoned (but survived) after eating Cortinarius rubellus.[38][39]
• The parents of the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, who created the Fahrenheit temperature scale, died in Danzig on 14 August 1701 from accidentally eating poisonous mushrooms.

In fiction[edit]

• In the civil war drama The Beguiled, Clint Eastwood's character John McBurney, an injured Union soldier at a boarding school for girls, was poisoned by a jealous, vengeful headmistress and her young female students. The headmistress was played by Geraldine Page.
• In Bollywood movie 7 Khoon Maaf, Modhusudhon Tarafdar (Naseeruddin Shah), a Bengali doctor who rescues Susanna from a suicide attempt and marries her, tries to poison Susanna with mushroom soup several years later for her inheritance.
• Linda Howard's action/romance novel Kiss Me While I Sleep has the anti-heroine use synthetic orellanine as a weapon
• In Julius Streicher's Nazi propaganda children's book The Poisonous Mushroom, Jews are compared to deadly fungi.

References[edit]

1. Jump up^ "California Poison Action Line: Mushrooms". Retrieved 2008-02-18.
2. Jump up^ Ian Robert Hall (2003). Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World. Timber Press. p. 103. ISBN 0-88192-586-1.
3. ^ Jump up to://**a**// //**b**// Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (June 4, 1982). "Mushroom Poisoning among Laotian Refugees – 1981". MMWR. USA: CDC. 31 (21): 287–8. PMID 6808348. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
4. Jump up^ "Woman died of mushroom poisoning". BBC News. 2010-03-18.
5. Jump up^ Pitel, Laura (2010-03-19). "Amphon Tuckey died after eating death cap mushrooms picked at botanic gardens". The Times. London.
6. Jump up^ Graeme, Kimberlie A. "Mycetism: A review of the recent literature." Journal of medical toxicology (2014): 1-17.
7. Jump up^ Gussow L (November 2000). "The optimal management of mushroom poisoning remains undetermined". West. J. Med. 173 (5): 317–8. PMC 1071150 Freely accessible. PMID 11069865. doi:10.1136/ewjm.173.5.317.
8. Jump up^ Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (June 1997). "Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning – Northern California, January 1997". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 46 (22): 489–92. PMID 9194398.
9. Jump up^ Eschelman, Richard (2006). "I survived the "Destroying Angel"" (blog). Cornell. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
10. ^ Jump up to://**a**// //**b**// //**c**// //**d**// //**e**// //**f**// //**g**// //**h**// //**i**// //**j**// //**k**// //**l**// //**m**// //**n**// //**o**// Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms Demystified. California, USA: Ten Speed Press. p. 679. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
11. Jump up^ Halpern, John; R. Andrew Sewell (December 2005). "Hallucinogenic botanicals of America: A growing need for focused drug education and research". Life Sciences. USA. 78 (5): 519–526. PMID 16188280. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.005. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
12. Jump up^ "Death due to Galerina". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 28 December 1981.
13. Jump up^ Calviño, Jesus; Rafael Romeroa; Elena Pintosb; Daniel Novoaa; Dolores Güimila; Teresa Cordala; Javier Mardarasa; Victor Arcochaa; XoseM. Lensa; Domingo Sanchez-Guisandea (1998). "Voluntary Ingestion of Cortinarius Mushrooms Leading to Chronic Interstitial Nephritis". Am J Nephrol. 18 (6): 565–569. PMID 9845839. doi:10.1159/000013410. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
14. ^ Jump up to://**a**// //**b**// //**c**// Mechem, C; Diane F Giorgi (9 July 2008). "Toxicity, Mushroom – Hallucinogens". emedicine. Medscape. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
15. ^ Jump up to://**a**// //**b**// "IA #25-02 – 9/19/96, REVISION OF IMPORT ALERT #25-02, "**DETENTION WITHOUT PHYSICAL EXAMINATION** OF MOREL MUSHROOMS DUE TO ADULTERATION AND SUBSTITUTION", ATTACHMENT A – 2/2/06". FDA. 2006-02-02. Archived from the original on 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
16. ^ Jump up to://**a**// //**b**// Brozen, Reed; Marcus J Hampers (February 29, 2008). "Toxicity, Mushroom – Gyromitra Toxin". emedicine. Medscape. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
17. Jump up^ Mechem, C (7 June 2007). "Toxicity, Mushroom – Disulfiramlike Toxins". emedicine. Medscape. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
18. Jump up^ "Mushroom Poisoning Syndromes". NAMA. 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-03-29. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
19. ^ Jump up to://**a**// //**b**// Bresinsky A, Besl H (1990). A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi. Wolfe Publishing. pp. 126–9. ISBN 0-7234-1576-5.
20. Jump up^ Chodorowski Z, Waldman W, Sein Anand J (2002). "Acute poisoning with Tricholoma equestre". Prz. Lek. 59 (4–5): 386–7. PMID 12184017.
21. ^ Jump up to://**a**// //**b**// Beug, Michael (2004). "Mushroom Poisonings Reported in 2004". North American Mycological Association Toxicology Committee. Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
22. Jump up^ Wright AV, Niskanen A, Pyysalo H, Korpela H (1981). "Amelioration of toxic effects of ethylidene gyromitrin (false morel poison) with pyridoxine chloride". Journal of Food Safety. 3: 199–203. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4565.1981.tb00422.x.
23. ^ Jump up to://**a**// //**b**// //**c**// //**d**// Ford, Marsha; Kathleen A. Delaney; Louis Ling; Timothy Erickson (2001). //Clinical Toxicology//. USA: WB Saunders. pp. ch115. ISBN 978-0-7216-5485-0.
24. Jump up^ Chang, Andrew (19 July 2008). "Toxicity, Mushroom – Amatoxin". emedicine. Medscape. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
25. Jump up^ Benjamin DR. "Amatoxin syndrome": 198–214. in: Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas – a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians. New York: WH Freeman and Company. 1995.
26. Jump up^ Saller R, Brignoli R, Melzer J, Meier R (February 2008). "An updated systematic review with meta-analysis for the clinical evidence of silymarin". Forsch Komplementmed. 15 (1): 9–20. PMID 18334810. doi:10.1159/000113648.
27. Jump up^ Hruby K, Csomos G, Fuhrmann M, Thaler H (April 1983). "Chemotherapy of Amanita phalloides poisoning with intravenous silibinin". Hum Toxicol. 2 (2): 183–95. PMID 6862461. doi:10.1177/096032718300200203.
28. Jump up^ Toxicity, Mushroom – Orellanine at eMedicine
29. Jump up^ Veronika Pelizzari; Elisabeth Feifel; Manuela M. Rohrmoser; Gerhard Gstraunthaler; Meinhard Moser (July 1994). "Partial Purification and Characterization of a Toxic Component of Amanita smithiana". Mycologia. Mycological Society of America. 86 (4): 555–60. JSTOR 3760749. doi:10.2307/3760749.
30. Jump up^ Toxicity, Mushrooms at eMedicine
31. Jump up^ Lindgren, Jan (May 2003). "Theory for why "edible" mushrooms make some people sick" (PDF newsletter). Spore Prints. Puget Sound Mycological Society. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
32. Jump up^ "Mushroom Toxins". FDA Bad Bug Book. FDA. 9 January 2008.
33. Jump up^ Gover, DW (2005-04-24). "FUNGAL TOXINS AND THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS". Retrieved 2008-08-13.
34. Jump up^ Kumiko, Suzuki; Fujimoto Haruhiro; Yamazaki Mikio (1983). "THE TOXIC PRINCIPLES OF NAEMATOLOMA FASCICULARE". Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin. Japan. 31 (6): 2176–2178. ISSN 0009-2363. doi:10.1248/cpb.31.2176. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
35. Jump up^ Stamets, Paul (2000). Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms. Random House, Inc. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-58008-175-7.
36. Jump up^ Wasson, Gordon (1986). Persephone's Quest: Entheogens and the Origins of Religion. privately published. p. 131. ISBN 0-300-05266-9.
37. Jump up^ Marmion, V.J.; Wiedemann, T.E.J. (May 2002). "The death of Claudius". J R Soc Med. 95 (5): 260–1. PMC 1279685 Freely accessible. PMID 11983773. doi:10.1258/jrsm.95.5.260.
38. Jump up^ "Delicious or deadly? You pick". Scotsman.com. 2 September 2008.
39. Jump up^ "Irreversible renal damage from accidental mushroom poisoning". BMJ. 345: e5262. 2012. PMID 22885396. doi:10.1136/bmj.e5262.

External links[edit]

• Poisonous American Mushrooms – AmericanMushrooms.com
• Poisonous mushrooms: microscopic identification in cooked specimens from medical mycologist R.C. Summerbell
• Mushroom Poisoning Syndromes from the North American Mycological Association
• Mushroom Poisoning Case Registry (North America) from the North American Mycological Association
• American Association of Poison Control Centers Provides information on toxicity of mushroom's in your area, symptoms and first aid.

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Tåles Netstokket Indigo-rørhat sammen med alkohol? (88/s.4)
Tåles Alm. Østershat altid sammen med alkohol?
Tåles Spiselig Morkel altid sammen med alkohol?
Tåles Ægte Ridderhat altid sammen med alkohol?
Tåles Svovlporesvamp altid sammen med alkohol?
Tåles Tueporesvamp altid sammen med alkohol?

Hvordan kan coprin hæmme enzymet, som skal nedbryde acetaldehyd? (88/s.4)
Tåles Alm. Blækhat med alkoholfri vin?
Tåles Alm. Blækhat med soyamælk?

Hvilken svamp/svampe kan give blodstigning til hovedet? (88/s.4)
Hvilken svamp/svampe kan give rødme i ansigtet? (88/s.4)
Hvilken svamp/svampe kan give bankende hovedpine? (88/s.4)
Hvilken svamp/svampe kan give voldsomt hjertearbejde? (88/s.4)
Hvilken svamp/svampe kan give åndenød? (88/s.4)
Hvilken svamp/svampe kan give almindeligt ildebefindende? (88/s.4)

Hvilken svamp/svampe kan give blålig hud på ansigtet? (88/s.7sp.2)
Hvilken svamp/svampe kan give udtrædende halsvener? (88/s.7sp.2)
Hvilken svamp/svampe kan give uklart syn? (88/s.7sp.2)
Hvilken svamp/svampe kan give store røde pletter på halsen? (88/s.7sp.2)
Hvilken svamp/svampe kan give sløvhed? (88/s.7sp.2)
Hvilken svamp/svampe kan give dyb søvn? (88/s.7sp.2)
Hvilken svamp/svampe kan give hjertebanken uden smerte, uden kvalme og uden opkast? (88/s.7sp.2)

Kan man / har man prøvet – at bruge Almindelig Blækhat til bekæmpelse af alkoholikere i Rusland? (88/s.5)

Hvem er professor Wikberg i Lund? (88/s.5)

Kan svampesporer give allergi? (88/s.5)

Kan mennesker nedbryde trehalose? (88/s.5)
Indeholder kantareller trehalose nok til at give mave/tarm-smerter og diarré hos nogle personer? (88/s.5)
Indeholder rørhatte trehalose nok til at give mave/tarm-smerter og diarré hos nogle personer? (88/s.5)
Indeholder Mark-Champignon trehalose nok til at give mave/tarm-smerter og diarré hos nogle personer? (88/s.5)

Kan der hos nogle personer opstå overfølsomhed hvis de spiser en stor portion svampe? (88/s.5)
Kan der hos nogle personer opstå overfølsomhed hvis de spiser en stor portion kantareller? (88/s.5)

Kan Vårmusseron give anafylaktisk allergichok? (88 s.5 sp.1)

Hvor mange svampearter er der beskrevet i verden? (88 s.5 sp.2)
Hvor mange svampearter findes i Danmark? (88 s.5 sp.2)

MYTER:
Er det rigtigt at sige "svampe som smager mildt, kan spises" ? (88 s.5 sp.2)

Er det rigtigt at sige "hvis man blot koge svampene og smider kogevandet væk er de spiselige" ? (88 s.5 sp.2)
(Uddrag fra bogen: "Danske Planter: Til mad, drikke og helse" af H.Petersen, Carit Andersens Forlag 1979)

Er det rigtigt at sige "Grøn Fluesvamp er meget sjælden" ? (88 s.5 sp.2)
(artikel i Jyllandsposten)

Er det rigtigt at sige "Langt de fleste svampe er ufarlige og velsmagende" ? (88 s.6 sp.1)
(Politiken 24. sep. 1994)

Er det rigtigt at sige "Når blot man holder sig til rørbolde sker der ikke noget" ? (88 s.6 sp.1)

Kan Alm. Blækhat medføre forgiftning hvis man drikker kaffe til= (88/s.7 sp.1n)

Hvor man døgn skal der gå efter at man har spist Alm. Blækhat før man må drikke alkohol? (88/s.7 sp.1n)

Medfører Alm. Blækhat sterilitet hos han-rotter (88/s.7 sp.2)

Er Spiselig Bredblad (Stropharia rugosoannulata) tilrådelig at spise (88/s.8sp.1n)
Kan Spiselig Bredblad (Stropharia rugosoannulata) give marve/tarm-forgiftning (88/s.8sp.1n)

Er bruskbolde, der er hvide indeni, spiselige (88/s.8 sp.2)

Kan Bruskbold give mavesmerter? (88/s.8 sp.2)
Kan Bruskbold give synsforstyrrelser (så det synes mørkere) ? (88/s.8 sp.2)
Kan Bruskbold give opkastning? (88/s.8 sp.2)
Kan Bruskbold give diarré? (88/s.8 sp.2)
Hvor længe varer en forgiftning med Bruskbold? (88/s.8 sp.2)
Hvor hurtigt bliver man syg af Bruskbold? (88/s.8 sp.2)

Hvad er den mest spiste svamp i Ungarn? (88/s.8sp.2n)

Hvor hurtigt bliver man syg efter at have spist Brunrød Parasolhat, Lepiota brunneoincarnata)? (88/s.9sp1øv)
Kan Brunrød Parasolhat, Lepiota brunneoincarnata) give diarré? (88/s.9sp1øv)
Kan Brunrød Parasolhat, Lepiota brunneoincarnata) give kuldegysninger? (88/s.9sp1øv)
Kan Brunrød Parasolhat, Lepiota brunneoincarnata) give svimmelhed? (88/s.9sp1øv)
Kan Brunrød Parasolhat, Lepiota brunneoincarnata) give tør mund? (88/s.9sp1øv)
Kan Brunrød Parasolhat, Lepiota brunneoincarnata) give øget puls? (88/s.9sp1øv)
Kan Brunrød Parasolhat, Lepiota brunneoincarnata) give dødsfald? (88/s.9sp1øv)
Indeholder Brunrød Parasolhat, Lepiota brunneoincarnata) amatoxin? (88/s.9sp1øv)

Spises bævresvampen Tremella fuciformis i Østen? (88/s.9 sp.1n)
Spises bævresvampen Tremella fuciformis i Østen i supper? (88/s.9 sp.1n)
Spises bævresvampen Tremella fuciformis i Østen i desserter? (88/s.9 sp.1n)
Hvordan dyrkes bævresvampen Tremella fuciformis i Østen? (88/s.9 sp.1n)

Har Grøn Fluesvamp medført dødsfald i en dansk børnehave? (88/s.10sp1øv)
Kan Grøn Fluesvamp gro under hassel? (88/s.10sp.1)

Hvor mange arter af champignon findes i Danmar? (88/s.11sp1)
Hvor store kan arter af champignon blive? (88/s.11sp1)
Er alle arter af champignon spiselige? (88/s.11sp1)
Kan nogle tåle Karbol-Champignon (Agaricus xanthodermus)? (88/s.11sp1)
Dannes de giftige stoffer i Karbol-Champignon (Agaricus xanthodermus) først under tilberedningen? (88/s.11sp1)
Er det en myte at de giftige stoffer i Karbol-Champignon (Agaricus xanthodermus) forsvinder under tilberedningen? (88/s.11sp1-li2fn)
Hvad er de giftige stoffer i Karbol-Champignon (Agaricus xanthodermus)? (88/s.11sp1-li8fn)
Hvor stor en andel af svampens vægt kan de giftige stoffer i Karbol-Champignon (Agaricus xanthodermus) udgøre? (88/s.11sp1-li6fn)
Kan Karbol-Champignon (Agaricus xanthodermus) give mavekneb? (88/s.11sp1)
Kan Karbol-Champignon (Agaricus xanthodermus) give opkastninger? (88/s.11sp1)
Kan Karbol-Champignon (Agaricus xanthodermus) give diarré? (88/s.11sp1)
Kan Karbol-Champignon (Agaricus xanthodermus) give svedeture? (88/s.11sp1)
Kan Karbol-Champignon (Agaricus xanthodermus) give rysteture? (88/s.11sp1)
Hvor længe kan symptomerne ved forgiftning med Karbol-Champignon (Agaricus xanthodermus) vare? (88/s.11sp1n10lfn)
Er Karbol-Champignon (Agaricus xanthodermus) sjælden? (88/s.11sp2m)
Bevarer Karbol-Champignon (Agaricus xanthodermus) sin gule farve efter at man har gnedet på dens stokbasis og hatrand? (88/s.11sp2m)
Er Karbol-Champignon (Agaricus xanthodermus) gule når de har fået frost fx i en fryser? (88/s.11sp2m)
Kan Karbol-Champignon (Agaricus xanthodermus) give brynde? (88/s.12sp1-lie 8fn)

Indeholder Have-Champignon (Agaricus brunnescens) et genotoksisk stof der kan ændre på cellernes arvemasse? (88/s12sp2m)

Kan man møde mennesker som tror at man kan spise svampe, som dyr har spist af, fordi de så opfattes som ugiftige? (88/s14sås1m)
Kan snegle spise Grøn Fluesvamp? (88/s.14sp1n)
Kan mus spise Grøn Fluesvamp? (88/s.14sp1n)
Er svampe med orm i spiselige fordi ormens tilstedeværelse viser at svampen er spiselig? (88/s14sp2)

Er Gul Skægtrøffel giftig for snegle? (88/s.14sp2)
Er Gul Skægtrøffel spiselig for mennesker? (88/s.14sp2)

Kan snegle tåle kantareller? (88/s.14sp2)

Er et enkelt eksemplar af en Grøn Fluesvamp dødeligt giftig for et voksent menneske? (88/s.15sp2)

Er død af svampeforgiftning en pinefuld død? (88/s15sp2)

Hvor mange dør af svampeforgiftning i Europa om året? (88/s15sp2)
Hvor mange dør af svampeforgiftning i Danmark om året? (88/s20sp2n)

Hvad skal man gøre med en svamp, som man tror er spiselig? (88s.17sp1m)

Tager nogle fejl af Alm. Netbladhat og tror at det er en kantarel? (88s19sp1)
Tager nogle fejl af Plettet Flammehat og tror at det er en kantarel? (88s19sp1)
Tager nogle fejl af en fluesvamp og tror at det er en rørhat? (88s19sp1-li2fn)
Tager nogle fejl af en fluesvamp og tror at det er en støvbold? (88s19sp2-li3)

Hvor mange af de 14.000 besøgende på en svampeudstilling i Paris i 1985 havde haft en svampeforgiftning? (88/s.19sp2m)
Hvor mange af de besøgende på en svampeudstilling i Paris i 1985, der havde haft en svampeforgiftning, samlede mere end 10 arter til spisebrug? (88/s.19sp2m)
Hvor mange af de besøgende på en svampeudstilling i Paris i 1985, der samlede mere end 10 arter til spisebrug, havde haft en svampeforgiftning? (88/s.19sp2m)
Havde gruppen af besøgende på en svampeudstilling i Paris i 1985, som tilhørte gruppen med flest svampebøger, flest eller færrest svampeforgiftninger? (88/s.19sp2m)

Kan man få forgiftning af Tenstokket Fladhat (Collybia fusipes)? (88/s19sp2)
Kan man få forgiftning af LøvFladhat (Collybia dryophila)? (88/s19sp2)
Kan Tenstokket Fladhat (Collybia fusipes) give mave-tarm-problemer? (88/s19sp2)

Indeholder Bestøvlet Fladhat (Collybia penetrans) rubidium? (88/s19sp2n)

Hvad er den dødelige gram-dosis af Grøn Fluesvamp for en voksen (88/s.20sp2n)
Hvad er den dødelige gram-dosis af Grøn Fluesvamp for et barn på 20 kg (88/s.20sp2n)
Hvad er den dødelige gram-dosis af Grøn Fluesvamp for et 1-års barn på 10 kg (88/s.20sp2n)

Hvilke læger har behandlet patienter med fluesvampforgiftninger i Danmark (88/s21sp1)

Hvordan gik med det ægtepar fra Vejle, hvor manden var 50 år med sukkersyge og nyresygdom, der spiste en Grøn Fluesvamp i 1988 på trods af at de havde spist svampe i årevis? (88/s21sp1)

Hvordan gik med en 19-årig mand fra Hadsted ved Viborg, der spiste en Snehvid Fluesvamp i den tro at det var en champignon i 1988? (88/s21sp1)

Hvordan gik med et ældre ægtepar i Helsingør, der spiste en Panter-Fluesvamp – måske i 1988 – i den tro at det var Rødmende Fluesvamp? (88/s21sp1)

Hvor mange forgiftninger med fluesvamp skulle man på Ålborg Sygehus behandle på en særlig travl 8-dages periode i 1988? (88s.21sp1)

Kan amatoxiner trænge gennem tarmvæggen af mus? (88/s21sp.1)
Kan amatoxiner trænge gennem tarmvæggen af rotter? (88/s21sp.1)
Kan amatoxiner trænge gennem tarmvæggen af katte? (88/s21sp.1)
Kan amatoxiner trænge gennem tarmvæggen af hunde? (88/s21sp.1)
Kan amatoxiner trænge gennem tarmvæggen af katte? (88/s21sp.1)
Kan amatoxiner trænge gennem tarmvæggen af hunde? (88/s21sp.1)
Optages amatoxiner langsommere eller hurtigere gennem tarmvæggen hos katte i forhold til hos mennesker? (88/s21sp.1)
Optages amatoxiner langsommere eller hurtigere gennem tarmvæggen hos hunde i forhold til hos mennesker? (88/s21sp.1)

Hvilke celler i kroppen dør først ved en fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn2)
Hvor hurtigt kommer de første symptomer ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn2)
Hvad er de første symptomer ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn2)
Opstår der diarré ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn3)
Opstår der mavesmerter ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn3)
Opstår der kvalme ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn3)
Opstår der opkast ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn3)
Opstår der blodtryksfald ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn3)
Opstår der uregelmæssigt hjerte ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn3)

Hvornår opstår der gulsot ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn3)
Hvornår opstår der leverforstørrelse ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn3)
Hvornår opstår der tegn på nyreskade ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn3)

Hvornår er forgiftningen på sit højeste ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn3)
Hvornår indtræder døden oftest ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn3)

Hvor mange af de fluesvampforgiftede med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp ender med at dø? (88s21sp2afsn3)

Hvornår har rensning af blod over aktivt kul ikke mere virkning ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn4)
Hvornår har behandling med marietidsel-ekstrakt ikke mere virkning ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn4)

Hvilken virkning i kroppen har det, at leveren skades ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn5)
Hvilken virkning i hjernen har det, at leveren og nyrerne skades ved fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88s21sp2afsn5)

Kan overlevende fra fluesvampforgiftning med Grøn eller Snehvid Fluesvamp risikere at have en skadet lever efterfølgende? (88s21sp2afsn5)

Hvad bruger svampene amatoxiner til? (88s.21sp2)

Hvor stor skal koncentrationen af amatoxiner (mg pr. ml) være for at hæmme 80% af menneskecellens proteindannelse) (88 s21 sp2 afsn6)

Hvornår udførte lægen Pierre Bastien et forsøg på sig selv i Geneve med at spise Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s21 sp2 n)
Hvilken teori havde lægen Pierre Bastien, der udførte et forsøg på sig selv i Geneve med at spise Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s22 sp1 ln1)
Hvor mange gram Grøn Fluesvamp indtog lægen Pierre Bastien, der udførte et forsøg på sig selv i Geneve med at spise Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s22 sp1 ln6)
Hvor længe gik der inden lægen Pierre Bastien, der udførte et forsøg på sig selv i Geneve med at spise Grøn Fluesvamp, fik symptomer? (88 s22 sp1 ln8)

Hvilket år skete forgiftningen med 11 thailændere med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88/s22 sp1 afsn2)
Hvor havde kvinden fundet Grøn Fluesvamp til forgiftningen med 11 thailændere med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88/s22 sp1 afsn2)
Har der være senere forgiftninger efter forgiftningen med 11 thailændere med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88/s22 sp1 afsn4)

Er Kugleknoldet Fluesvamp (Amanita mappa) giftig? (88/s22sp2)
Hvilke symptomer kan Kugleknoldet Fluesvamp (Amanita mappa) give? (88/s22sp2)
Er Kugleknoldet Fluesvamp (Amanita mappa) giftig i rå tilstand? (88/s22sp2)
Hvordan opdagede man at Kugleknoldet Fluesvamp (Amanita mappa) ikke er særlig giftig? (88/s22sp2)
Hvad hed de to professorer som fik Kugleknoldet Fluesvamp (Amanita mappa) at se fra folk som spiste den? (88/s22sp2 afsn2+3)

Hvor sjælden eller almindelig er Snehvid Fluesvamp? (88/s22sp2 afsn2+3)

Hvis man sammenligner kalkholdige østdanske jorde med kalkfattige sandede jorde, hvor er Grøn Fluesvamp så mest almindelig? (88 s23 sp1 afsn1)
Hvis man sammenligner kalkholdige østdanske jorde med kalkfattige sandede jorde, hvor er Snehvid Fluesvamp så mest almindelig? (88 s23 sp1 afsn1)
Hvilke arter af fluesvampe kan forekomme i enorme mængder i unge egeskove? (88 s.23 sp1) afsn1)

Kan Snehvid Fluesvamp vokse side om side med Gulhvid Champignon? (88 s.23 sp.1 afsn.1)

Hvad er det mest giftige stof i Rød Fluesvamp? (88 s23 sp1 afsn3)
Hvordan virker muscimol i Rød Fluesvamp på hjernens nerveender? (88 s23 sp1 afsn3)
Hvordan virker muscimol i Rød Fluesvamp på patienten? (88 s23 sp1 afsn3)
Kan muscimol i Rød Fluesvamp fremkalde kvalme? (88 s23 sp1 afsn3)
Kan muscimol i Rød Fluesvamp fremkalde hovedpine? (88 s23 sp1 afsn3)
Kan muscimol i Rød Fluesvamp fremkalde opkastninger? (88 s23 sp1 afsn3)
Kan muscimol i Rød Fluesvamp fremkalde stærk uro? (88 s23 sp1 afsn3)
Kan muscimol i Rød Fluesvamp fremkalde lammende fornemmelser? (88 s23 sp1 afsn3)

Er Rød Fluesvamp hallucinogen? (88 s23 sp1 afsn4)
Kan Rød Fluesvamp ændre tidsopfattelsen? (88 s23 sp1 afsn4)
Kan Rød Fluesvamp ændre rumopfattelsen? (88 s23 sp1 afsn4)
Kan Rød Fluesvamp ændre angst? (88 s23 sp1 afsn5)
Er Rød Fluesvamp dødelig? (88 s23 sp1 afsn4)

Hvad hed den svenske officer, som var fange i Sibirien i 12 år og som beskrev folks brug af Rød Fluesvamp? (88 s23 sp1 afsn6)
Hvorfor var den svenske officer, som beskrev folks brug af Rød Fluesvamp, fange i Sibirien i 12 år ? (88 s23 sp1 afsn6)
Hvad betalte de østsibiriske nomadefolk med for at skaffe sig Rød Fluesvamp? (88 s23 sp1 afsn6)
Hvad kunne prisen for et stort eksemplar af Rød Fluesvamp være for de østsibiriske nomadefolk, der ville skaffe sig svampen? (88 s23 sp1 afsn6)

Hvad var kvindernes rolle i de østsibiriske nomadefolks brug af Rød Fluesvamp? (88 s23 sp2 afsn1)
Blev urinen genbrugt af de østsibiriske nomadefolk under deres brug af Rød Fluesvamp? (88 s23 sp2 afsn1)
Hvad hed de østsibiriske nomadefolk der brugte Rød Fluesvamp som rusmiddel? (88 s23 sp2 afsn1)
Kunne de fattige blandt de østsibiriske nomadefolk også bruge Rød Fluesvamp som rusmiddel? (88 s23 sp2 afsn1)
Hvorfor lagde folk en lille pind foran de personer blandt de østsibiriske nomadefolk som brugte Rød Fluesvamp som rusmiddel? (88 s23 sp2 afsn1)

Kan Rød Fluesvamp give varige trækninger i ansigtet? (88 s23 sp2 n)
Kan Rød Fluesvamp give varige gangproblemer? (88 s23 sp2 n)
Kan Rød Fluesvamp give hærget udseende? (88 s23 sp2 n)

Kan rener, der spiser Rød Fluesvamp få symptomer? (88 s23 sp2 n)
Kan en jæger få en rus ved at spise rener, der lige har spist Rød Fluesvamp? (88 s23 sp2 n)

Har der i Vestsibirien været taburegler knyttet til Rød Fluesvamp? (88 s24 sp1 afsn2)

Fik vikingerne bersærkergang af Rød Fluesvamp? (88 s24 sp1 afsn3)

Kan ibotensyre i Rød Fluesvamp fremkalde hallucinationer? (88 s24 sp1 afsn4)
Hvor sidder ibotensyre i Rød Fluesvamp? (88 s24 sp1 afsn4)
Er hathuden af Rød Fluesvamp hallucinogen? (88 s24 sp1 afsn4)
Hvilken stoftype er ibotensyre i Rød Fluesvamp? (88 s24 sp1 afsn4)
Hvilket stof kan ibotensyre i Rød Fluesvamp omdannes til? (88 s24 sp1 afsn4)
Ved hvilken påvirkning omdannes ibotensyre i Rød Fluesvamp? (88 s24 sp1 afsn4)
Hvordan dannes muscimol i Rød Fluesvamp? (88 s24 sp1 afsn4)
Er muscimol i Rød Fluesvamp en rusgift? (88 s24 sp1 afsn4)

Hvad er dødelig dosis af Rød Fluesvamp? (88 s24 sp1 afsn5)

Hvad medfører indtagelse af 13 eksemplarer af Rød Fluesvamp (88 s24 sp1 afsn6)

Findes Rød Fluesvamp i Afrika? (88 s24 sp1 n)

Kan tilberedte Rød Fluesvamp være dødelig? (88 s24 sp2 afsn 1)

Hvad er soma, som inderne kaldte en mustisk udødelighedens plante? (88 s24 sp2 afsn2)
Er Rød Fluesvamp lig med det soma, som var en betegnelse som inderne kaldte en mustisk udødelighedens plante? (88 s24 sp2 afsn2)

Kan Rød Fluesvamp bruges mod fluer? (88 s24 sp2 afsn3)
Er muscimol i Rød Fluesvamp gftigt for fluer? (88 s24 sp2 afsn3)

Hvis man giver fluer mælk i et forsøg, hvilken virkning vil det så have at de i tilæg får Rød Fluesvamp? (88 s24 sp2 afsn3)

Er det en lærd person fra 1200-tallet, Albertus Magnus, der første gang fandt på at anbefale Rød Fluesvamp mod væggelus og andre skadedyr? (88 s24 sp2 afsn3 n)

Hvilke forgiftningssymptomer giver Panter-Fluesvamp? (88 s25 sp1 afsn2)
Kan Panter-Fluesvamp give muskeltrækninger? (88 s25 sp1 afsn2)
Kan Panter-Fluesvamp give forvirring? (88 s25 sp1 afsn2)
Kan Panter-Fluesvamp give hallucinationer? (88 s25 sp1 afsn2)
Kan Panter-Fluesvamp give kvalme? (88 s25 sp1 afsn2)
Kan Panter-Fluesvamp give opkastning? (88 s25 sp1 afsn2)

Kan Okkergul Fluesvamp (Amanita gemmata = A. Junquillea) give hallucinationer? (88 s25 sp1 afsn3)
Kan Okkergul Fluesvamp (Amanita gemmata = A. Junquillea) give tarmproblemer? (88 s25 sp1 afsn3)

Indeholder Rød Fluesvamp, Panter-Fluesvamp og Okkergul Fluesvamp de samme giftstoffer? (88 s25 sp1 afsn3)

Er Rødmende Fluesvamp gifig i rå tilstand? (88 s25 sp1 afsn4)

Er Brun Kam-Fluesvamp gifig i rå tilstand? (88 s25 sp1 afsn5)
Er Grå Kam-Fluesvamp gifig i rå tilstand? (88 s25 sp1 afsn5)

Hvordan dyrker man Fløjlsfod? (88 s25 sp2 øv)

Hvad er nummeret til Rigshospitalets giftinformation? (88 s26 sp1 angiver forkert nummer)

Hvordan behandler man forgiftning med Grøn Fluesvamp i Danmark? (88 s26 sp1)
Hvor længe efter forgiftningen har udskylning af maven virkning ved forgiftning med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s26 sp1)
Har iltbehandling virkning ved forgiftning med Grøn Fluesvamp i Danmark? (88 s26 sp1)
Hvad er Legalon ved forgiftning med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s26 sp1)
Hvilken dosis Legalon (mg pr. kg legemsvægt pr. dag) anbefales ved forgiftning med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s26 sp1)
Hvilken dosis-opdelinger af Legalon (antal infusioner hver varende hvor mange timer) anbefales ved forgiftning med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s26 sp1)
Hvilken dosis penicillin (antal enheder pr. kg legemsvægt pr. dag og i hvor mange dage) anbefales ved forgiftning med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s26 sp1)

Bruger man at opsuge galden kontinuerligt med et rør i tolvfingertarmen i forbindelse med forgiftning med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s26 sp1 – giver ikke svaret herpå)

Bruger man at give patienten levercelle-vækstfaktorer i forbindelse med forgiftning med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s26 sp1 – giver ikke svaret herpå)

Bruger man at anbefale faste i forbindelse med forgiftning med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s26 sp1 – giver ikke svaret herpå)

Bruger man forceret diurese i forbindelse med forgiftning med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s26 sp1 – giver ikke svaret herpå)

Bruger man hæmodialyse/hæmoperfusion/hæmofiltrering/plasmoferese i forbindelse med forgiftning med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s26 sp1 – giver ikke svaret herpå)

Bruger man hydrokortisol i forbindelse med forgiftning med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s26 sp1 – giver ikke svaret herpå)

Hvilken virkning har ø i forbindelse med forgiftning med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s26 sp2afsn2 lin.6 fn)

Bruger man at give efterbehandling mod skadet lever og nyrer i forbindelse med forgiftning med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s26 sp2 – giver ikke svaret herpå)

Hvis svampebøger eller svampeplakater viser man patienten på hospitalet for at udspørge om hvilken svampeart der er blevet spist? (88 s27 sp1)

Er der individuelle forskelle på følsomhed over for svampeforgiftninger? (88 s27 sp1 n)
Er der individuelle forskelle på følsomhed over for svampeforgiftninger med Puklet Gift-slørhat? (88 s27 sp1 n)

Hvor mange giftige svampearter findes i Danmark )(88 s29 sp1 n)

Er denne sætning korrekt: "Der er kun få giftige svampearter og derfor findes vi nok ikke nogen"? (88 s29 sp2)

Er det korrekt at man ikke kan smage på en svamp om den er giftig? (88 s29 sp2)
Er det korrekt at en tysk mand døde fordi han ville bevise at det ikke er korrekt at sige, at man ikke kan smage på en svamp om den er giftig? (88 s29 sp2)

Hvor mange dødelige svampeforgiftninger er der i Krakow årligt? (88 s29 sp2)

Hvor mange børn døde af svampeforgiftninger i Poznan i Polen i 1931 efter en skolefrokost med Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s29 sp2)

Hvilke svampeslægter indeholder mere eller mindre giftige svampe? (88 s29 sp 2)

Er Randbæltet Glanshat (Panaeolus subbalteatus) hallucinogen? (88 s29 sp2)

Er Høsletsvamp (Panaeolus foenisecii) hallucinogen? (88 s29 sp2)

Er Knippe-Gråblad (Lyophyllum connatum) mutagen? (88 s30 sp1)
Er Knippe-Gråblad (Lyophyllum connatum) mutagen efter kogning? (88 s30 sp1)
Hvor meget (i gram) af det mutagene stof indeholder Knippe-Gråblad (Lyophyllum connatum) pr. kilogram svamp? (88 s30 sp1)
Har Knippe-Gråblad (Lyophyllum connatum) antabusvirkning? (88 s30 sp1)
Har Knippe-Gråblad (Lyophyllum connatum) antabusvirkning af med samme reaktionshastighed som hos Alm Blækhat? (88 s30 sp1)

Hvor længe har indianerne i Mexico brugt hallucinogene svampe af slægten Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp1)
Hvornår opdagede videnskaben at indianerne i Mexico brugte hallucinogene svampe af slægten Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp1)
Hvordan opdagede videnskaben at indianerne i Mexico brugte hallucinogene svampe af slægten Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp1 afsn2 li5)
Hvad hed den amatørmykolog, som blev indbudt til at deltage i en hemmelig religiøs ceremoni som indebar brug af hallucinogene svampe? (88 s30 sp1 afsn2 li5)
Hvor publicerede amatørmykolog, som blev indbudt til at deltage i en hemmelig religiøs ceremoni som indebar brug af hallucinogene svampe, sine oplevelser? (88 s30 sp1 afsn2 li5)
Hvor publicerede amatørmykolog, som blev indbudt til at deltage i en hemmelig religiøs ceremoni som indebar brug af hallucinogene svampe, sine oplevelser? (88 s30 sp1 afsn2 li5)
Hvem isolerede de aktive stoffer fra hallucinogene svampe? (88 s30 sp1 afsn2)
Hvem opdagede LSD? (88 s30 sp1 afsn2)
Hvad hedder de aktive stoffer fra hallucinogene svampe? (88 s30 sp1)
Hvad hed den hippie-profet fra Harvard universitet som argumenterede for brugen af stoffer fra hallucinogene svampe og LSD? (88 s30 sp1)
Hvilken dansk svamp indeholder hallucinogene stoffer? (88 s30 sp1 afsn4)
Hvad hedder det hallucinogene stof som Spids Nøgenhat indeholder? (88 s30 sp1 afsn4)
Hvor stor mængde er der af det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat (procenttal af svampen)? (88 s30 sp1 afsn4)
Hvor meget varierer mængden af det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat (procenttal af svampen)? (88 s30 sp1 afsn4)
Hvor længe varer et normalt trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp1 afsn4 3 li f n)
Hvordan viser hallucinogenvirknngen ved et normalt trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2 afsn2)
Hvad er symptomerne ved et normalt trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp1 afsn4 3 li f n)
Kan der opstå synsændringer ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2)
Kan der opstå drømmebilleder ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2)
Kan der opstå angst og panik ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2)
Kan der opstå desorientering ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2)
Kan der opstå delirium ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2)
Kan der opstå kramper ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2)
Kan der opstå aggression ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2)
Kan der opstå voldelighed ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2)
Kan der opstå forfølgelsesvanvid ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2)
Kan der opstå hypersensitivitet sig ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2 7 li f n)
Hvordan viser hypersensitivitet sig ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2 7 li f n)
Kan der opstå skizofrene psykoser ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2)
Kan der opstå depressioner ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2)
Hvilke sanseforvrængninger kan opstå ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2 li5 og sp2 afsn2)
Hvordan opstår synsændringer ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp1 afsn4 3 li f n – ikke svar på dette spørgsmål)
Hvordan ændrer pupillerne sig ved et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s30 sp2 øv)
Hvor længe kan eftervirkningerne vare efter et trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s31 sp1 li9)
Er trip med det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat vanedannende? (88 s31 sp1 afsn3m)
Hvilket nervesignalstof i hjernen påvirkes af det aktive hallucinogene stof i Spids Nøgenhat vanedannende? (88 s31 sp1 afsn3m)
Har nogen taget fejl af Grøn Fluesvamp og Spids Nøgenhat? (88 s31 sp2 m)
Hvilket giftstof findes i Randbæltet Hjelmhat (Galerina marginata)? (88 s32 sp2)
Hvad er den dødelige dosis (grammængde) af Randbæltet Hjelmhat (Galerina marginata)? (88 s32 sp2)
Hvilken svamp kan Foranderlig Skælhat forveksles med? (88 s32 sp2)
Hvilken svamp kan Randbæltet Hjelmhat (Galerina marginata) forveksles med? (88 s32 sp2)
Hvordan kan man studere giften i Grøn Fluesvamp når man ikke kan dyrke Grøn Fluesvamp? (88 s32 sp2 afsn4)
Kan Randbæltet Hjelmhat (Galerina marginata) vokse på nåletræ? (88 s32 sp2)
Kan Randbæltet Hjelmhat (Galerina marginata) vokse på løvtræ? (88 s32 sp2)

Kan honningsvampe give forgiftninger? (88 s32 afsn5)
Hvordan bør honningsvampe tilberedes for ikke at give risiko for forgiftning? (88 s32 afsn5)
Hvilket grundstof er Klidhat (Cortinarius (Rozites) caperata) rige på? (88 s36 sp2 øv)
Hvilket mikronæringsstof (grundstof) er honningsvampe rige på? (88 s32 sp2 afsn5)
Hvilken art af honningsvamp giver mindst risiko for forgiftning? (88 s32 sp2 afsn6 + li1 fn + s33 linie 1)
Hvor gror den art af honningsvamp der giver mindst risiko for forgiftning (løvtræ eller nåletræ)? (88 s32 sp2 afsn6)

Hvilket giftstof findes i Skær Huesvamp (Mycena pura)? (88 s33 sp1)
Kan Skær Huesvamp (Mycena pura) give hallucinationer? (88 s33 sp1)
Kan Skær Huesvamp (Mycena pura) give svedeture? (88 s33 sp1)
Kan Skær Huesvamp (Mycena pura) give kvalme? (88 s33 sp1)
Kan Skær Huesvamp (Mycena pura) give mavekneb? (88 s33 sp1)
Kan Skær Huesvamp (Mycena pura) give farvet urin? (88 s33 sp1)
Kan Skær Huesvamp (Mycena pura) give spytafgang? (88 s33 sp1)
Kan Skær Huesvamp (Mycena pura) give døsighed? (88 s33 sp1)
Kan Skær Huesvamp (Mycena pura) give flygtige synsindtryk med kraftige farver? (88 s33 sp1)
Kan Skær Huesvamp (Mycena pura) give flygtige synsindtryk med abstrakte tegninger? (88 s33 sp1)
Kan Skær Huesvamp (Mycena pura) give flygtige synsindtryk med lysspor? (88 s33 sp1)
Hvor stor mængde (grammængde) af Skær Huesvamp (Mycena pura) kan give en middelsvær forgiftning? (88 s33 sp1)

Hvordan lyder fortællingen om gæsten som spurgte om svamperetten var blevet afprøvet på hunden? (88 s33 sp2 øv)
Hvordan lyder fortællingen om tyskerne som havde samlet kantareller og blev bedt om at vise deres tilladelse hertil? (88 s35 sp2)
Hvad er det tyske ord for tilladelsespapir til at samle kantareller? (88 s35 sp2)
Hvad er det tyske ord for kantareller? (88 s35 sp2)
Hvordan dyrker man Judasøre i Kina? (88 s35 sp1 afsn2)
Kan kantareller give dårlig mave? (88 s36 sp1 afsn 2 m)
Kan kantareller tørres?(88 s36 sp1 afsn 2)
Hvad er blevet solgt med betegnelsen Honningkantarellser? (88 s36 sp1 áfsn4)
Har man eksempler på at Alm. Netbladhat er blevet solgt af en grønthandler? (88 s36 sp1 áfsn4)

Indeholder Knippe-Gråblad kræftfremkaldende stoffer ifølge forsøg med mus? (88 s37 sp1)
Indeholder Spiselig Stenmorkel kræftfremkaldende stoffer ifølge forsøg med mus? (88 s37 sp1)
Indeholder Knippe-Svovlhat kræftfremkaldende stoffer ifølge forsøg med mus? (88 s37 sp1)

Kan man spise Kæmpeporesvamp? (88 s38 sp2)

Er det korrekt at hvælvede og hvide svampe er champignong? (88s39 sp1 afsn2)
Er folk meget letsindige med svampe i Danmark? (88 s39 sp1 afsn3)

Er der eksempler på at ældre svampekendere kan tage fejl af svampe? (88 s39 sp2 øv)

Er giftige svampe sjældne? (88 s39 sp2 afsn3)
Kan Grøn Fluesvamp forekomme i masseforekomst? (88 s39 sp2 afsn4)

Kan man gå ud fra at hvis en svamp ikke findes i svampebogen så kan den ikke være giftig? (88 s39 sp2 afsn6)

Findes der svampe som hæmmer immunsystemet? (88 s41 sp1 afsn3)
Hvilken svamp kan nedsætte allergiske reaktioner? (88 s41 sp1 afsn3)
Hvilken dosis (gram i antal doser pr dag og resultattid) af Poppel-ridderhat skal bruges mod nældefeber ? (88 s41 sp2 afsn2)

Er der eksempler på epidemier med giftige svampe?(88 s41 sp2 afsn7)
Hvad var Sankt Antonius ild?(88 s41 sp2 afsn7)
Kan meldrøjer-giften give hallucinationer? (88 s41 sp2 n)
Kan meldrøjer-giften give koldbrand? (88 s42 sp1)
Kan meldrøjer-giften give kramper? (88 s42 sp1)
Kan meldrøjer-giften give følelsesløshed? (88 s42 sp1 afsn3)
Kan meldrøjer-giften give hjerneskader? (88 s42 sp1 afsn3)
Kan meldrøjer-giften give mistede arme og ben? (88 s42 sp1)
Kan meldrøjer-giften bruges til behandling af migræne? (88 s42 sp1)
Kan meldrøjer-giften bruges til udstødning af moderkagen efter en fødsel? (88 s42 sp1)
Er meldrøjer-giften blevet brugt til illegal abort? (88 s42 sp1)
Bruges meldrøjer-giften medicinsk? (88 s42 sp1)
Hvilket stof er udviklet på grundlagt af meldrøjer-giften? (88 s42 sp1 afsn2)
Hvordan frasorteres meldrøjersvampen fra rug? (88 s42 sp1 afsn3)
Hvad er maksimumkoncentrationen (antal pr. kg korn) som meldrøjersvampen må findes i i korn? (88 s42 sp1 afsn3)
Ved hvilken koncentrationen (procentindhold i brød) med meldrøjersvampen kan give forgiftningssymptomer? (88 s42 sp1 afsn3)

Hvad døde kejser Claudius af? (88 s42 sp1)

Hvordan udførtes mordet i Dorothy Sayers roman "Sagens akter") (88 s42 sp2 afsn2)

Går Spiselig Morkel dårligt sammen med alkohol? (88 s42 sp2 n)

Er Spiselig Stenmorkel spiselig? (88 s43 sp1 afsn3)

Er Spiselig Stenmorkel giftig? (88 s43 sp1 afsn3)
Hvilke lande har forbudt salg af Spiselig Stenmorkel? (88 s43 sp1 afsn3)
Hvad hedder giftstoffet i Spiselig Stenmorkel? (88 s43 sp1 afsn3)
Hvor i svampen sidder giftstoffet i Spiselig Stenmorkel? (88 s43 sp1 afsn3)
Hvor meget af giftstoffet i Spiselig Stenmorkel var tilbage i svampen efter 3 år i tør tilstand? (88 s43 sp1 afsn3)
Kan giftstoffet i Spiselig Stenmorkel fjernes med kogevandet? (88 s43 sp1 afsn3)
Er Spiselig Stenmorkel giftig at tilberede for kokken? (88 s43 sp1 afsn3)
Er Spiselig Stenmorkel kræftfremkaldende? (88 s43 sp1 afsn3)
Hvilken riskiko for dødsfald giver indtagelse af 1 kg Spiselig Stenmorkel? (88 s43 sp1 n)
Hvad er dødelig dosis (mg pr. kg kropsvægt) for aber der gives Spiselig Stenmorkel? (88 s43 sp1 n)
Hvorfor virker Spiselig Stenmorkel som russisk roulette? (88 s43 sp2 øv)

Hvad dræbte 100.000 kalkuner i England i begyndelsen af 1960'erne? (88 s44 sp1 afsn3)
Hvilke skader fik 100.000 kalkuner der døde i England i begyndelsen af 1960'erne? (88 s44 sp1 afsn3)

Hvordan fjernes den skarpe smag af Peber-Mælkehat, Hvidfiltet Mælkehat, Dunet Mælkehat og Skægget Mælkehat? (88 s45 sp1)
Hvor længe skal Peber-Mælkehat, Hvidfiltet Mælkehat, Dunet Mælkehat og Skægget Mælkehat ligge og udsalte? (88 s45 sp1)

Er Manddraber-Mælkehat positiv ved en Ames-test som påviser kræftfremkaldende virkning? (88 s45 sp1)
Hvilken virkning på den mutagene virkning hos Manddraber-Mælkehat har det at man varmer svampen op? (88 s45 sp1)

Er der mennesker, som ikke kan mærke den skarpe smag af Rødbrun Mælkehat? (88 s45 sp2)
Bliver Rødbrun Mælkehat indsamlet i den tro at det er kantareller? (88 s45 sp2)

Hvilke giftvirkninger har Mose-Mælkehat (Lactarius helvus)? (88 s.45 sp 2 n)
Kan Mose-Mælkehat (Lactarius helvus) give mave-tarmbesvær? (88 s.45 sp 2 n)
Kan Mose-Mælkehat (Lactarius helvus) give mave-tarmbesvær? (88 s.45 sp 2 n)
Kan Mose-Mælkehat (Lactarius helvus) give mavekneb? (88 s.45 sp 2 n)
Kan Mose-Mælkehat (Lactarius helvus) give diarré? (88 s.45 sp 2 n)
Kan Mose-Mælkehat (Lactarius helvus) give opkastninger? (88 s.45 sp 2 n)
Kan Mose-Mælkehat (Lactarius helvus) give spytflod? (88 s.45 sp 2 n)
Kan Mose-Mælkehat (Lactarius helvus) give svimmelhed? (88 s.45 sp 2 n)

Hvad hed den forsker som døde af Alm. Netbladhat? (89 s52 sp2)
Hvornår (dato) døde en svampeforsker af Alm. Netbladhat? (89 s52 sp2)
Efter hvor mange dages lidelser døde en svampeforsker af Alm. Netbladhat? (89 s52 sp2)
Af hvilken lidelse døde en svampeforsker af Alm. Netbladhat? (89 s52 sp2)
Er Alm. Netbladhat spiselig? (89 s52 sp2)
Er Alm. Netbladhat giftig? (89 s52 sp2)
Kan giftstoffet i Alm. Netbladhat passere tarmslimhinden? (89 s53 sp1)
Hvordan virker giftstoffet i Alm. Netbladhat? (89 s53 sp1 afsn3)
Er Alm. Netbladhat giftig i tilberedt tilstand? (89 s52 sp2)
Hvilken giftvirkning kan et fingerstort stykke af rå Alm. Netbladhat medføre? (89 s53 sp1 afsn4)
Hvor hurtigt opstod giftvirkning ved indtagelse af et fingerstort stykke af rå Alm. Netbladhat? (89 s53 sp1 afsn4)
Hvor længe varede giftvirkningen ved indtagelse af et fingerstort stykke af rå Alm. Netbladhat? (89 s53 sp1 afsn4)
Kan akut forgiftning med Alm. netbladhat give kuldegysninger? (88s53 afsn5)
Kan akut forgiftning med Alm. netbladhat give feber? (88s53 afsn5)
Kan akut forgiftning med Alm. netbladhat give blodig urin? (88s53 afsn5)
Kan akut forgiftning med Alm. netbladhat give akut nyresvigt fordi nyrerne opfyldes af ødelagte blodlegemer? (88s53 afsn5)
Er mennesker med åreforkalkning mere udsatte for forgiftning med Alm Netbladhat? (88 s53 sp1)

Hvorfor er Alm Netbladhat blevet kaldt svigermor? (88 s53 sp1 n)

Er Stor Parasolhat giftig i rå tilstand? (88 s55 sp1)
Smager Stor Parasolhat godt i rå tilstand selv om den er giftig i rå tilstand? (88 s55 sp1)
Hvilken forgiftning giver en form for Rabarber-Parasolhat som hedder Macrolepiota rhacodes var. hortensis eller var. venenata? (88 s55 sp1)
Hvor hurtigt kommer forgiftningen ved indtagelse af en form for Rabarber-Parasolhat som hedder Macrolepiota rhacodes var. hortensis eller var. venenata? (88 s55 sp1)
Giver formen af Rabarber-Parasolhat som hedder Macrolepiota rhacodes var. hortensis eller var. venenata kolik? (88 s55 sp1)
Giver formen af Rabarber-Parasolhat som hedder Macrolepiota rhacodes var. hortensis eller var. venenata diarré? (88 s55 sp1)
Giver formen af Rabarber-Parasolhat som hedder Macrolepiota rhacodes var. hortensis eller var. venenata svedudbrud? (88 s55 sp1)
Giver formen af Rabarber-Parasolhat som hedder Macrolepiota rhacodes var. hortensis eller var. venenata tør mund? (88 s55 sp1)
Giver formen af Rabarber-Parasolhat som hedder Macrolepiota rhacodes var. hortensis eller var. venenata stærk svimmelhed? (88 s55 sp1)

Har der været dødsfald af Brunrød Parasolhat (Lepiota brunneoincarnata)? (88 s55sp1 afsn 4)
Hvilken slags gift findes i Brunrød Parasolhat (Lepiota brunneoincarnata)? (88 s55sp1 afsn 4)
Har der været dødsfald ved indtagelse af Lepiota helveola? (88 s55sp1 afsn 4)

Er Alm. Pigsvamp (Hydnum repandum) giftig i rå tilstand? (88 s55 sp2)

Hvor lever Volvariella volvacea (substrat og geografisk)? (88 s56 sp1 afsn3)

Bliver Puppe-Snyltekølle (Corcyceps militaris) dyrket? (88 s56 sp2 afsn1)

Er Alm. Netbladhat giftig i rå tilstand? (89 s53 sp1 afsn4)